1 . 根据句意从方框中选出合适的短语，并用其适当的形式完成句子。

refer to... as...,     take possession of,     bond with,     separate... from..., mix up,     date back to,     be at the mercy of,     license... for

1. Cuba is south of America, __________ it by the Strait of Florida. It gains its reputation for its dynamic music and dancing.
2. When learning English, beginner often gets various tenses (时态) __________ and makes some grammatical mistakes in writing sentences.
3. As is indicated in Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China, any individual or enterprise isn’t allowed __________ others’ inventions without their permission.
4. The ancient city relic near Yellow River __________ around 5300 years ago is acknowledged by Chinese archaeologists as a discovery of great historical significance.
5. When typhoon struck the harbor, boats on the coastline __________ rough sea and violent wind.
6. Know some basics of children psychology, and you will have no difficulty in __________ your son and daughter.
7. Canada which features its unique geographic sights of North America __________ “True North”.
8. It was three months before this anti-depression drug __________ the mass production.

2 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. replacing     B. tolerate       C. extremes        D. experiencing          E. average F. estimates       G. impact       H. reserved   I. assess       J. cover       K. continued

Urban Trees Are Threatened by Climate Change

By 2050, about three-quarters of the species will be at risk as a result of climate change, a study has found. Cities around the world may need to start planting different types of trees and shrubs that can     1     warmer and drier conditions.

“By ‘at risk’, we mean these species might be     2     stressful climatic conditions,” says Manuel Esperon-Rodriguez at Western Sydney University in Australia. “Those trees are likely to die.”

City trees have many benefits, from making urban spaces look beautiful and providing a refuge for wildlife to keeping places up to 12°C cooler than they would otherwise be in summer. Losing tree     3     would lead to cities becoming even hotter as the planet heats up.

To     4     the threat, Esperon Rodriguez and his colleagues used database called the Global Urban Tree Inventory to work out the conditions required by 3100 tree and shrub species currently grown in 164 cities worldwide. The researchers then looked at how these conditions would be affected by climate change under medium-emissions scenario known as RCP 6.0.

By 2050, 76 per cent of these species will be at risk from rising     5     temperatures and 70 percent from decreasing rainfall, the team concludes.

The study doesn’t take account of       6     urban growth, which could warm cities even faster. Nor does it take account of greater weather     7     caused by climate change, or the effects of pests and diseases. Warmer conditions are allowing more pests, such as bark beetles, to survive winters as well as to reproduce faster in summer, greatly increasing their     8    .

“Our     9     have scientific basis,” says Esperon-Rodriguez. There are some things that can be done to help trees survive. The best strategy is to choose tough species when     10     trees or planting new ones, the team concludes.

3 . Direction: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. auto-complete             B. determine             C. essentially             D. grammatical       E. grouped F. indicating                    G. instructions             H. likely                    I. resembles             J. rigidly K. simple

How do AI chatbots answer my questions

Chatbots might appear to be complex conversationalists that respond like real people. But if you take a closer look, they are     1     an advanced version of a program that finishes your sentences by predicting which words will come next. Bard, ChatGPT, and other AI technologies are large language models—a kind of algorithm (算法) trained on exercises similar to the Mad Libs-style questions found on elementary school quizzes. More simply put, they are human-written     2     that tell computers how to solve a problem or make a calculation. In this case, the algorithm uses your prompt and any sentences it comes across to     3     the answer.

Let’s pretend you plugged this sentence into an AI chatbot: “The cat sat on the ______.” First, the language model would have to know that the missing word needs to be a noun to make     4     sense. But it can’t be any noun—the cat can’t sit on the “democracy,” for one. So the algorithm searches texts written by humans to get a sense of what cats actually rest on and picks out the most probable answer. In this scenario, it might     5     the cat sits on the “laptop” 10 percent of the time, on the “table” 20 percent of the time, and on the “chair” 70 percent of the time. The model would then go with the most     6     answer: “chair.” The system is able to use this prediction process to respond with a full sentence. If you ask a chatbot, “How are you?” it will generate “I’m” based on the “you” from the question and then “good” based on what most people on the web reply when asked how they are.

The way these programs process information and arrive at a decision sort of     7     how the human brain behaves. “    8     as this task—predicting the most probable response—is, it actually requires an incredibly advanced knowledge of both how language works and how the world works,” says Yoon Kim, a researcher at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

The beauty of language models is that researchers don’t have to     9     define any rules or grammar for them to follow. An AI chatbot learns how to form sentences that make sense by consuming textual elements, which are common sequences of characters     10     together taken from the raw text of books, articles, and websites. All it needs are the patterns and associations it finds among certain words or phrases.

5 . 选词填空

reflect on; argue with; end up doing; be honored to do; in one way or another take it easy; be based on; in short; work out; insist on

1. I am not sure whether you have ________________ your holiday plan.
2. Our friendship ________________ on mutual trust.
3. ________________ , they’re active learners.
4. He ________________ doing it although I warned him not to.
5. I love my country and I ________________ have served it.
6. Everything on the earth depends on the sun ________________.

6 . 选词填空

name after; set up; care for; in return; because of; be concerned about on behalf of; around the clock; be known as; summary

1. ________________ my colleagues and myself, I’d like to express my sincere thanks to you.
2. I’ve done this of my own free will and I’m not expecting anything ________________.
3. For many years he supported his family and ________________ his sick parents without complaint.
4. They did not finish the work ________________ the cold weather.
5. Da Vinci ________________ an artist.
6. After the earthquake, rows of tents were ________________ for the people to live in.
7. Zhao Dengyu Road in Beijing is ________________ the famous patriotic General—Zhao Dengyu.
8. The shop was open ________________.
9. Now here’s a ________________ of today’s news.
10. She hasn’t written to her family since she left. Her family members ________________ her.

7 . 选词填空

have to; hurried to; Both of; are good for; getting along a lot of; is full of; from...to...; more and more; With the help of

1. We ________________ ask our teacher to help us answer these questions.
2. Spring is ________ March ________ May in my hometown.
3. E-mail has become ________________ popular in the world.
4. I ________________ the airport, but I was two hours late.
5. Trees ________________ our world.
6. ________________ the teachers and my classmates, everything is going well.
7. The room ________________ desks and chairs.
8. How are you ________________?
9. There are ________________ books in the library.
10. ________________ the two old men are over seventy years old.

8 . 选词填空

account for ；be aware of ；go through ；prevent from ；take over

1. We cannot have what we want without _____________ the mess.
2. Further treatment will _______ cancer _______ developing.
3. Now women ____________ their rights and are prepared to stand up to their   employers.
4. Nowadays radio and television ___________ many of the functions once served by print.
5. We cannot _________ his failure in the English examination.

10 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.

A. ballooning.        B. frost-intolerant.     C. directly.     D. contributors.     E. erupted F. conditions.     G. shaded H. sensor-equipped I. engineering J. situated   K. properly

Farm of the Future in the Sky

       Five storeys off the ground at Colorado State University, a highly unlikely garden grows under a long row of rooftop solar panels. It's late November at 9 am, when the temperature is-2℃ and the wind is cutting. Not long before my arrival, researchers had pulled the last     1    crops out of the soil under the panels. In their place, cool-season foods like leafy greens still grow,     2    from the intense sunlight up there.
   This is no ordinary green roof, but an expansive and     3     outdoor laboratory. The idea behind it is explained by Jennifer   Bousselot, the director of the rooftop farm. Solar panels tend to get too hot on conventional roof tops, and that heat reduces their efficiency while plants help cool them off. “If you have plants under there, ” Bousselot said, “they create ideal     4     for solar panels to operate. Also, the shade of the panels encourages the growth of plants. A win-win solution. ”
     Therefore, the overall goal of the rooftop farm is to grow more food for     5     urban populations while generating clean energy and making buildings more energy efficient. Without the sun beating down     6     on a bare roof, green roofs boost a building's energy efficiency by about 10 percent. That is, you don't need to run as much air-conditioning to     7     cool the place during a heat wave. This innovative approach can also maximize land use, making urban spaces not just consumers of resources, but also active     8     to both energy and agricultural production.
       However, being     9     on a rooftop comes with more challenges than a typical farming site. The wind loads on a roof make it challenging to install a tracking system and irrigation (灌溉) is also trickier. The expenses are substantially increased due to higher     10     costs and the difficulties of moving and installing all the sensors and materials high in the air.

It is obviously early days for rooftop farms, but some effects were already evident. Instead of being big, dead spaces, roofs may act as booming ecosystems.