2 . No business would welcome being compared to gambling. Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have complained that their children are “addicted” to their video games and smartphones. Today, however, even more doctors are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disorder” — in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm — gained recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO).

Are games really addictive? Psychologists have different opinions. Those who don’t think so say that this is just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns out that they are not as harmful as expected.

However, supporters argue that game developers have the motivation and the means to design their products to make them extremely attractive. For one thing, the business- model has changed: In the old days, games were bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods, which ties playtime directly to revenue (收益). For another, game-makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly adjusted to encourage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are known as “whales”, a term that originated in casinos (赌场).

The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses will become more common. Anyway, being put together with gambling in the public mind, fairly or not, will not do the industry any good.

4 . Last night I was driving from Harrisburg to Lewisburg, a ________ of about eighty miles. It was late and I was in a hurry. However, if anyone asked me how fast I was ________, I’d say I was not over-speeding. Several times I got________ behind a slow- moving truck on a narrow road, and I was holding my fists tightly with________.

At one point along an open highway, I________ crossroads with a traffic light. I was alone on the road by now, but as I ________ the light, it turned red and I braked to a stop. I looked left, right and behind me. Nothing. No cars, no suggestion of headlights, but there I sat, waiting for the light to ________, the only human being for at least a mile in any________.

I started________ why I refused to run the light. I was not afraid of being________, because there was obviously no police-man around, and there certainly would have been no________ in going through it.

Much later that night, after I________ a group of my friends in Lewisburg and climbed into bed near midnight, the question of why I’d stopped for that light________ me. I think I stopped because it’s part of a contract we all have with each other. It’s not only the________ but it’s an arrangement we have, and we trust each other to ________ it: we don’t go through red lights. Like most of us, I’m more likely to be________ from doing something bad by the social convention that________ it than by any law against it.

It’s amazing that we ever________ each other to do the right thing, isn’t it? And we do, too! Trust is our________ preference.

I was so ________ of myself for stopping for the red light that night.