1 . When you teach a child how to solve puzzles, you can either let them figure it out through trial and error, or you can guide them with some basic rules and tips. Similarly, incorporating (合并) rules and tips into AI training — such as the laws of physics — could make them more efficient and more reflective of the real world. However, helping the AI assess the value of different rules can be a tricky task.

Researchers report that they have developed a framework for assessing the relative value of rules and data in “informed machine learning models” that incorporate both. They showed that by doing so, they could help the AI incorporate basic laws of the real world and better navigate scientific problems like solving complex mathematical problems and optimizing experimental conditions in chemistry experiments.

“Embedding human knowledge into AI models has the potential to improve their efficiency and ability to make inferences, but the question is how to balance the influence of data and knowledge,” says first author. Hao Xu of Peking University. “Our framework can be employed to evaluate different knowledge and rules to enhance the predictive capability of deep learning models.”

Generative AI models like ChatGPT and Sora are purely data-driven — the models are given training data, and they teach themselves via trial and error. However, with only data to work from, these systems have no way to learn physical laws, such as gravity or fluid dynamics, and they also struggle to perform in situations that differ from their training data. An alternative approach is informed machine learning, in which researchers provide the model with some underlying rules to help guide its training process.

“We are trying to teach AI models the laws of physics so that they can be more reflective of the real world, which would make them more useful in science and engineering. We want to make it a closed loop (闭环) by making the model into a real AI scientist,” says senior author Yuntian Chen of the Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo.

1. How did the author introduce the topic of the text?

A．By assessing basic rules.	B．By comparison of similarity.
C．By explaining laws of physics.	D．By analysis of human learning.

2. What does the underlined word “embedding” in Paragraph 3 mean?

A．Planting.

B．Stressing.

C．Employing.

D．Revealing.

3. What makes generative AI models underperform?

A．They’re dependent too much on data.

B．They’re inflexible to carry out new tasks.

C．They struggle to learn new things.

D．It’s tough for them to deal with familiar situations.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．Informed machine learning may be an alternative to generative AI.

B．Helping the AI assess the value of different rules can be a tricky task.

C．Generative AI models can be more reflective of the real world in the future.

D．Balancing training data and human knowledge makes AI more like a scientist.

2 . Following a sustainable diet, also known as a “planetary health diet”, includes whole grains, fruits, nuts, green vegetables, and olive oil, can be a win-win for your health and the planet, according to a new research.

The new research conducted by scientists from the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health has revealed that people who eat more environmentally sustainable food have a 25percent lower risk of mortality (死亡) compared to those with a less sustainable diet, like eggs, the red and processed meat. The findings show that the participants with a good planetary health diet had a reduced risk of all causes of death measured in the study.

The study involved over 100,000 participants in the USA, with a 30-year check-up period. According to Linh Bui, the PhD candidate at Harvard, the research team integrated data on the health outcomes of specific foods and their environment al impact, creating a Planetary Health Diet Index (指数), and gave the participants scores based on their diets. Using this, they assessed the relationship between the scores and the participants’ health outcomes. “The results confirmed our previous hypothesis (假设) that a higher Planetary Health Diet score was associated with a lower risk of death,” said Bui. The people with the highest Planetary Health Index scores had a 25per cent lower overall risk of death than those with the lowest scores.

The environmental impact of the foods was evaluated by factors such as water use, land use, package, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. The researchers hope that the eco-index can be used as a simple tool for policy makers and public health services to improve human health and tackle the climate crisis.

However, they acknowledge that the index does not take into account certain challenges that people may have in following a sustainable diet, such as health conditions of the subjects and what cultures they come from. They hope that further research will address these barriers,   as well as relationships between foods and diseases tailored to particular countries.

1. What did the new research find about a sustainable diet?

A．It is a double-edged sword.

B．It can reduce the risk of death.

C．It is mainly composed of greens.

D．It is less friendly to the environment.

2. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?

A．The approaches adopted in the study.

B．New confirmation about the results.

C．Supporting evidence for the theory.

D．Potential benefits of the research.

3. How was the environmental impact of the foods determined?

A．By analyzing their elements.	B．By measuring their nutrition.
C．By examining their packaging.	D．By assessing their eco-footprint.

4. What might further research aim to deal with?

A．Individual preferences.

B．Prospective food access.

C．Culture-based healthy food.

D．Sustainable food alternatives.

3 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. What is the talk mainly about?

A．A campaign for healthy life.

B．A fundraising event for charities.

C．A volunteer program in the neighborhood.

2. When will Challenge Week come to an end?

A．On Wednesday.

B．On Friday.

C．On Sunday.

3. What is one challenge mentioned by the speaker?

A．Giving up sugar for five days.

B．Speaking 20 words a day for a month.

C．Disconnecting from social media for a week.

4. What should Challenge Week participants do?

A．Donate as much as possible.

B．Find sponsors for their challenges.

C．Complete challenges with others together.

4 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. Where are the speakers?

A．In a studio.

B．In a clinic.

C．In a fitness center.

2. What does Sheila need to do?

A．Make players understand her.

B．Train players intensely.

C．Study the opposing players.

3. What is one requirement of being sports psychologists?

A．Knowledge of the sport rules.

B．Experience in playing the sport.

C．Honesty about their own abilities.

4. What does Sheila dislike about her job?

A．She has to face some misunderstanding.

B．She has to choose techniques creatively.

C．She has to work in different environments.

5 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. Why does the woman refuse the man’s request?

A．He lost the receipt.

B．He bought his laptop at a sale.

C．The laptop’s return period is over.

2. How long is the guarantee period?

A．A month.

B．Half a year.

C．A year.

3. How will the man probably contact the factory?

A．Through an agent.

B．By telephone.

C．Over the Internet.

6 . BBC foreign correspondent Jeremy Bowen’s recent assignment — a three-part series on Radio 4 in which he made “a personal journey through Wales”, the country of his birth — must still have left him a little shocked. Bowen, born in Cardiff but living in England and a non-Welsh speaker, did the most dangerous thing — he attacked what he saw as the way the Weish-speaking minority in Wales dominates the cultural conversation. This argument has not gone down well in the land of his fathers.

The Welsh online media has suggested this is the view from Camberwell where Bowen lives, rather than Criccieth — a journalist’s whistle-stop tour of a country he last resided in more than 40 years ago. Fellow BBC journalist Welsh speaker Huw Edwards responded to that criticism: “We are all products of upbringing — this take is 1970s Cardiff.” Edwards was even ruder about an attack on Welsh by Jonathan Meades in The Critic. “So long as it’s a hobby language it is as harmless as a Sunday painter,” wrote Meades. “But in pockets of Snowdonia and mid-Wales it is a tool not only of communication but of identity and exclusivity, thus of self-harm.” To which Edwards responded: “Meades is a brilliant writer and I have enjoyed his work over many years. I can only assume he’s crazy. Nothing else can explain this rubbish.”

Bowen’s argument is that because bilingualism (双语) has become essential for many jobs in Welsh government and media, the English-speaking majority has been disadvantaged. Meades is more concerned with a project to create a million Welsh speakers (a third of the population) by 2050. At present, only a fifth of the population speaks Welsh regularly. Such views are, however, either outdated or exaggerated (夸张的).

Largely rural Welsh-speaking Wales was discovering new confidence, thanks to the start of the Welsh-language channel S4C in 1982 and the growth of Welsh-medium education. But Welsh-speaking Wales is not responsible for the difficulties of English-speaking Wales, and the two have to find a way to coexist. The survival of Welsh is a miracle, and every Welsh person, whether or not they speak it, should celebrate that fact.

1. Why was Bowen recently shocked?

A．He had a narrow escape in Wales.

B．He was refused entry into his fatherland.

C．He was assigned to do a series about Wales.

D．He was criticized for his Radio program about Wales.

2. What was Edwards’ attitude toward Meades’ comments?

A．Disapproving.

B．Supportive.

C．Tolerant.

D．Uncaring.

3. What put the English-speaking majority at a disadvantage?

A．They could not speak two languages.

B．They held outdated ideas about language.

C．A third of the Welsh could speak the native language.

D．The government attached less importance to English.

4. What does the author say about the survival of Welsh?

A．It establishes Welsh dominance.

B．It is unexpected and welcome.

C．It occurs at the cost of English-speaking Wales.

D．It owes to the efforts of Welsh-speaking Wales.

7 . Officials in San Francisco are asking the public to help choose a waste container among several models proposed for mass deployment (部署) in the California city. It is proving to be a costly project. One of the trash cans under consideration cost more than $20,000 and took four years to make.

San Francisco began its search for the perfect public trash can in 2018. Officials decided it was time to replace the more than 3,000 cans that have served the city’s streets for almost 20 years. The current trash cans open too widely, they say, permitting people to reach in. The cans also break a lot, requiring repairs. Sometimes people push them over or mark them with words and pictures. Sometimes, the cans are set on fire.

Last month, the city deployed 15 made-to-order trash cans and 11 off-the-shelf trash cans. Attached to each was a QR code from which people could answer questions about the individual can. The city government project also created interactive maps so people can find the different models to consider. The so-called Soft Square model trash can was priced at $20,900, making it the most expensive model on the streets. It is made of light steel. A press of a pedal opens the can for hands-free operation. It has dividers so waste can be separated from materials for recycling, like aluminum and glass.

City officials say, however, that the government will not pay more than three-thousand per can once a model is chosen for mass production. Beth Rubenstein is a spokeswoman for San Francisco’s Department of Publie Works. “We live in a beautiful city, and we want(the trash can)to be functional and cost-effective, but it needs to be beautiful,” she said.

But the good looks of the shiny new trash cans have not protected them from vandalism and other disrespect. Three weeks after being deployed, several are overflowing, or covered in orange and white graffiti or dirty from coffee spills. Diane Torkelson volunteers on a team that removes trash from the streets near her home. She recently visited three of the proposed trash cans. Two were already full when the group arrived to inspect them, she said. “If the trash can is full, it’s of no use, no matter how well it was designed,” she said.

1. Why did San Francisco decide to replace the existing trash cans?

A．They are damaged beyond repair.	B．They are too small to hold the city's waste.
C．They have outlived their useful life.	D．They are difficult to clean and maintain.

2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The urban can replacement project.	B．The trash can QR code campaign.
C．The city-wide mapping initiative.	D．The pedal-operated container program.

3. What does the underlined word “vandalism” in the last paragraph mean?

A．Destruction of property.	B．Theft.
C．Illegal invasion.	D．Tagging.

4. What is Diane’s attitude towards the new trash cans?

A．Positive.	B．Negative.
C．Neutral.	D．Indifferent.

8 . Emotional eating is the tendency to eat in times of stress, anxiety, anger, or sadness. Here are strategies to conquer it.

Name that Mood. The first step in overcoming emotional eating is to get a clearer understanding of when it happens. When keeping your diet journal, make a note of your mood each time you eat.     1     . Figuring out how often you eat when in bad moods, and which foods will give you insight into your patterns and help you know when to use the following strategies.

    2     . Negative emotions ebb and flow like the tide. Sometimes it feels very bad and other times it pulls back and is barely noticeable, which may all occur over a matter of minutes or hours. Knowing that a bad feeling will die down is important because learning to deal with the bad feeling without eating involves developing the ability to tolerate it. This means to just feel the emotion in its entirety without intervening it. Let high tide wash over you.

Don’t Empower It. By eating during a negative emotion, you are giving food a new power beyond just meeting your nutrition needs.     3     . You begin to believe that you need food to get through bad feelings.

Cope with It Healthily. The key is to find ways to cope with negative feelings that do not cause more problems. Eating causes more problems, and so does getting lost in TV for hours at a time. Exercise and talking with a supportive friend are good examples of healthy coping. Avoid coping strategies with potential harm.     4    

Conquer the Hard Times. Life is constant chaos. The secret to weight loss success is being able to keep a healthy lifestyle even in the midst of chaos. If you gain weight every time life gets stressful, your weight will always go up and down.     5     . You will be confident that you can do this no matter what difficulties come your way.

A．Ride the Storm Out

B．Overcome Negative Emotions

C．This will allow you to identify episodes of emotional eating

D．Food becomes a way to cope, making your desire for it intensify

E．Challenge yourself to maintain a healthy lifestyle when pressured

F．It will shake your confidence and you will end up gaining more weight

G．There is no sense in feeling better in the moment if it costs you tomorrow

9 . For thousands of years, humans have been making fire by transforming mechanical energy into heat energy through friction (摩擦). There are many ways to create fire by friction, but the most common and easiest to learn is to use a bow drill set.

A bow drill set consists of a wooden drill (carved to minimize friction at one end and maximize friction at the other), a dry fire board, a slightly bending bow, to which a bowstring is attached, and a hard bearing block, which is used to press down on the top of the drill. The bowstring is designed to be wrapped tightly around the wooden drill.

First , the fire maker uses the string to rapidly spin (旋转) one end of the drill, which is attached to the string, against the fire board, while at the same time pressing the other end down with the bearing block. Friction causes a rapid increase in temperature where the drill meets the fire board. As the drill continues to spin, it produces a small amount of hot carbon dust, which will eventually form a hot, red pile. Then it is transferred to highly flammable materials, such as dry leaves or dead tree barks. The fire maker blows in to further raise the temperature by increasing oxygen flow. Eventually, the materials burst into flame, after which the fire maker can make it into a larger fire.

Understanding the physics of fire by friction and the different variables involved can help the fire start more quickly with less effort. First, an ideal wooden drill should be dry and just 1-1. 25cm across. This is because thin drills can concentrate heat created in friction on a small area on the fire board. Second, the fire board should be dead, driest possible wood. Third, how fast the friction force generates heat is directly related to how fast the fire maker moves the bow. The faster the drill spins, the more heat it will create.

Bow-drill performs reliably in challenging survival conditions compared to other techniques. It can be incredibly inspiring to witness, and rewarding to do it yourself! It takes a while to get everything right but it will come. Have a try and enjoy this primitive method of fire starting!

1. What is the function of the bowstring in the bow drill set?

A．Producing friction.	B．Making a beautiful bow.
C．Securing the wooden drill.	D．Applying pressure to the fire board.

2. What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us?

A．The process of creating fire.	B．The materials for making fire.
C．The right temperature for a fire.	D．The advantages of the wooden drill.

3. Which of the following can help to start fire by friction?

A．Using living plants as the fire board.	B．Lifting the fire board frequently.
C．Keeping concentrated during friction.	D．Setting the bow drill in fast motion.

4. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

A．To encourage a try.	B．To explain a principle.
C．To stress potential risks.	D．To present human achievements.

10 . When Shelby Lattimore, a math and science teacher, saw her third graders weren’t attending class, she found a fun way to change that. The 25-year-old teacher started her class ______ to encourage them not only to ______ but to get excited about learning.

In the class, students can choose from a variety of “______”, from being a door holder to being a cleanup crew. They get “paid” every two weeks and the ______ they get depends on which job they take on. The money is not real but play money spent on a homework pass, a seat change, and so on.

Each month, Lattimore’s students also have to pay “rent” for their class desk and chair. To keep things interesting, Lattimore also introduced a new ______ to her current class. At the beginning of the school year, she ______ students $5 and then once the new year hit, the ______ increased to $7. “So that was kind of an ______ that they had to make,” she said.

Students can buy rewards once a month. The reward ______ low, medium and high price ranges, with $2 candy being the cheapest option to a more ______ $5 “lunch with Ms. L” reward. Students can also ______ until they have enough money for the most expensive reward, for example, being the teacher for $ 30.

Today, Lattimore has seen how much they’ve learned about various ______ from budgeting and saving to reading a receipt and ______ change. She has also heard from students’ families, who are ______ of this idea because their kids are learning something they never learned at this age. “That’s really the goal here, to not just ______ them this year, but to keep it going,” she added.

1.

A．report

B．economy

C．interaction

D．survey

2.

A．get through

B．take over

C．set out

D．show up

3.

A．tools

B．areas

C．jobs

D．parts

4.

A．amount

B．outcome

C．position

D．honour

5.

A．term

B．test

C．choice

D．idea

6.

A．awarded

B．charged

C．returned

D．refused

7.

A．bonus

B．fine

C．rent

D．income

8.

A．appearance

B．exception

C．adjustment

D．impression

9.

A．covers

B．reveals

C．follows

D．combines

10.

A．general

B．expensive

C．suitable

D．tasty

11.

A．save up

B．settle down

C．go around

D．move on

12.

A．opinions

B．roles

C．comments

D．skills

13.

A．sharing

B．donating

C．carrying

D．counting

14.

A．careful

B．supportive

C．tolerant

D．aware

15.

A．accept

B．praise

C．impact

D．bless