1 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. address          B. process          C. reminder       D. swept E. imposing        F. governed        G. appeal        H. overlooking

Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both    1    and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the    2    of our culture.

Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror    3    through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.

Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they    4    and pay tribute to the lord. They would    5    disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites    6    the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily    7    of the lord’s strength.

2 . Take the note as a ________ (remind) in case you forget to buy some sweets for the kids while shopping there. (所给词的适当形式填空)

3 . The cold served as a ________ (remind) that winter wasn’t quite finished. (所给词的适当形式填空)

4 . 妈妈设置了六小时响一次的闹钟，提醒自己给宝宝量体温。（reminder）(汉译英）

5 . 这次事故及时地提醒了人们登山运动会有多么危险。(serve; reminder)(汉译英)

6 . The incident served as a timely r______ of just how dangerous mountaineering can be. (根据首字母单词拼写)

7 . I left a ________   (remind) for myself on the table. (所给词的适当形式填空）

8 . The WWII Victory Parade in Beijing was both a solemn __________ of the China’s past suffering and celebration of its accomplishments.

A．declaration

B．protest

C．revenge

D．reminder

9 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. debate B. mismatch C. dating D. undergoing E. loosely F. adds G. uncovers H. exposes I. reminder J. importantly K. history

Scientists have found strong evidence that soot, or black carbon, sent into the air by a rapidly industrializing Europe, likely caused the sudden retreat (moving back) of mountain glaciers (冰川) in the European Alps. The research may help solve a longstanding scientific    1    about why the Alps glaciers retreated beginning in the 1860s, decades before global temperatures started rising again.

Glacier records in the central European Alps    2    back to the 1500s show that between 1860 and 1930,    3    defined as the end of the Little Ice Age in Europe, large valley glaciers in the Alps suddenly retreated by an average of nearly 0.6 mile. Yet weather in Europe cooled by nearly 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit during that time. Glaciologists and climatologists have struggled to understand the    4    between the climate and glacier records.

To investigate, Thomas Painter, a snow and ice scientist, and his colleagues turned to    5    . In the decades following the 1850s, Europe was    6    a powerful economic and atmospheric transformation stimulated by. industrialization. Residents, transportation, and perhaps most    7    , industry in Western Europe began burning coal in huge quantities of black carbon into the atmosphere.

When black carbon particles (粒子) settle on snow, they darken the surface. This melts the snow and    8    the underlying glacier ice to sunlight and relatively warm air earlier in the year, allowing more and faster melt.

“This study    9    some likely human fingerprints on our changing environment,” Painter said. “It’s a    10    that the actions we take have far-reaching impacts on the environment in which we live. We must now look closer at other regions on Earth, such as the Himalaya, to study the present-day impacts of black carbon on glaciers.”

10 . A trip to the forest park is a wonderful ______of my happy childhood, when I had no end of fun with my playmates.

A．adventure	B．celebration
C．reminder	D．attraction