1 . Your emotion helps you make sense of the world. At the core of an emotion is a subjective experience of the valence of it — what emotion scientists call “affect” (情感). Generally speaking, affect is what we are most focused on. Do you have chocolate cake in front of you? That’s good! Do you see a spider on the table! That’s bad!
Your affective reactions tell you which experiences are desirable, and which aren’t, but the total emotional experience includes all you do and think. You can learn a lot by observing and describing them. You can also learn a lot by appreciating their secret life.
The problem is: the affective features of emotions tend to dominate. Our subjective valence of emotion is almost all we can see. When emotions are only about what is pleasant or unpleasant in subjective experience right now, the more important features of emotion disappear.
If you can slow down and expand; if you stop running or clinging (沉浸其中) and adopt a sense of curiosity, emotions become more subtle and different. When fear comes up, don’t walk away so that fear dissipates. Instead, stay. Allow yourself to feel the nervousness, the sweating, and everything else that comes along with it. It is one of the hardest things to do in life, but it’s also one of the most rewarding. If you run, you are telling basic parts of your brain, “I guess this threat really was real. I better stay away from it.” You are training yourself to fear, regardless of that situation. If you cling, you are saying, “Escape from this emotion is a threat”, and since it is not a happy experience, happiness slips through your hands like sand.
Note that you can not fool yourself. Just allow the full emotion. You will never enter into their secret life until you stop running or clinging. To control your life, you need to actively train your emotions to be your ally (同盟). Observe. Describe. Appreciate. Do that and you may find you have allies for healthy living that were there all along.
1. Why does the author mention “chocolate cake” and “spider” in paragraph 1?A.To explain the complex response of emotions. |
B.To show the subjective experience of emotions. |
C.To indicate the goodness and badness of the world. |
D.To emphasize the significance of emotions in life. |
A.The present feelings are less obvious. |
B.The subjective emotions are less powerful. |
C.The overall picture of emotions is easier to ignore. |
D.The observation and description of emotions are easier. |
A.Deepens. | B.Spreads. | C.Disappears. | D.Sticks. |
A.The secret of emotions. | B.The subjective experience. |
C.The importance of allies in life. | D.Magical functions of emotions. |
2 . Back in 1964, in his book Games People Play, psychiatrist Eric Berne described a pattern of conversation he called “Why Don’t You — Yes But”, which remains one of the most annoying aspects of everyday social life. The person adopting the strategy is usually a chronic complainer. Something is terrible about their relationship, job, or other situation, and they complain about it endlessly, but find some excuse to dismiss any solution that’s proposed. The reason, of course, is that on some level they don’t want a solution; they want to be validated (认可) in their position that the world is out to get them. If they can “win” the game — dismissing every suggestion until interlocutor (对话者) gives up in annoyance — they get to feel pleasurably righteous (正当的) in their anger and excused from any obligation to change.
Part of the trouble here is the so-called responsibility/fault fallacy (谬误). When you’re feeling hard done by — taken for granted by your partner, say, or obliged to work for a stupid boss — it’s easy to become attached to the position that it’s not your job to address the matter, and that doing so would be an admission of fault. But there’s a confusion here. For example, if I were to discover a newborn at my front door, it wouldn’t be my fault, but it most certainly would be my responsibility. There would be choices to make, and no possibility of avoiding them, since trying to ignore the matter would be a choice. The point is that what goes for the baby on the doorstep is true in all cases: even if the other person is 100% in the wrong, there’s nothing to be gained, long-term, from using this as a justification to evade responsibility.
Should you find yourself on the receiving end of this kind of complaining, there’s a clever way to shut it down — which is to agree with it. Psychotherapist Lori Gottlieb describes this as “over-validation”. For one thing, you’ll be spared further complaining, since the other person’s motivation was to confirm her beliefs, and now you’re confirming them. But for another, as Gottlieb notes, people confronted with over-validation often hear their complaints afresh and start arguing back. The concept that they’re utterly powerless suddenly seems unrealistic, not to mention rather annoying — so they’re prompted instead to generate ideas about how they might change things.
“And then, sometimes, something magical might happen, ” Gotlieb writes. The other person “might realize she’s not as trapped as you are saying she is, or as she feels. ” Avoiding responsibility feels comfortable, but turns out to be a prison; whereas assuming responsibility feels unpleasant, but ends up being freeing.
1. What is the characteristic of a chronic complainer, according to Eric Berne?A.They are angry about their ill treatment and feel bitter towards whoever tries to help. |
B.They are habitually unhappy and endlessly find fault with people around them. |
C.They constantly dismiss others’ proposals while taking no responsibility for dealing with the problem. |
D.They lack the basic skills required for successful conversations with others. |
A.People tend to think that one should not be held responsible for others’ mistakes. |
B.It is easy to become attached to the position of overlooking one’s own fault. |
C.People are often at a loss when confronted with a number of choices. |
D.A distinction should be drawn between responsibility and fault. |
A.Stop them from going further by agreeing with them. |
B.Listen to their complaints attentively and sympathetically. |
C.Ask them to validate their beliefs with further evidence. |
D.Persuade them to clarify the confusion they caused. |
A.What is the responsibility/fault fallacy for chronic complainers? |
B.How can you avoid dangerous traps in everyday social life? |
C.Who are chronic complainers and how to deal with them? |
D.Why should we stop being a chronic complainer and assume responsibility? |
3 . Perhaps you’ve stopped doing what you want because you’re afraid of what others think of you. You feel that you must do what they expect and that you must meet their expectations, otherwise you’ll lose their approval.
Think about yourself, about what you really like and are interested in. You must lead your life independently.
By surrounding yourself with people who think like you, you’ll realize that you don’t feel judged. Then, you’ll start doing what you really want.
To overcome your fear of what others think and of their non-approval, you should start talking about your plans, For instance, you might want to tell a handful of friends about your wishes and dreams.
It’s unavoidable that not everything will be plain sailing, and you’ll find obstacles along your way.
A.There is no need to think about what you want. |
B.You don’t have to change your circle of friends. |
C.Your life belongs to you, as well as your actions. |
D.By talking to them, you’ll be able to organize your plans and ideas. |
E.If this is the case, it’s time to start working on your self-esteem (自尊). |
F.You must do what you want without being affected by what others think. |
G.However, you must trust in yourself and seek the necessary strength to move forward. |
I like staying overnight at my Gramma’s house — that is, until Gramma starts telling me how wonderful my cousin Maya is. Then it’s Maya this and Maya that until I don’t ever want to hear another word about her.
That’s why I wasn’t too excited when Gramma called me on the phone to “come on over and bring your pajamas.” When I got there, it was worse than I’d expected. There, in Grandpa’s big leather rocker, sat Maya, all dressed up and formal-looking and wearing fancy shoes as if she’d just been to a party.
“Surprise, Kristen!” Gramma said. “Your cousin Maya and her parents have traveled in from the East Coast on business. Maya gets to stay with us this afternoon.” Gramma chattered away about how excited she’d been for this surprise get-together, and how cousins ought to get to know each other better.
I hung my baseball cap in the closet and set my backpack by the stairway, all the time smiling and nodding as if I’d been waiting forever for this chance to spend an afternoon with Maya. Grandpa’s chair squawked (咯咯叫) as Maya rocked back and forth. It’s the chair I like best in the house, the one I usually sit in. I sat down on the sofa across from her.
Shortly, Gramma went off to the kitchen to “see about some lunch,” she’d said. That left me stuck in the living room with rocking Maya.
She was still small but taller than I’d remembered her from her last visit four years ago. She was good at small talk, though, and was chatting away about how nice it was to see me again. But I could tell that she didn’t really think so. The last time she was here, we’d had hours of fun together building caves out of Gramma’s sofa pillows.
After that, I’d heard about her only through Gramma’s tales. Maya taking piano lessons. Maya learning math. Maya, Maya, Maya. Now Maya was here, looking great with the latest haircut and a fancy dress.
注意:1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Glancing down at my jeans and my old sneakers, I wished I hadn’t come.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“How do you know all these things about me?” I asked.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 . If you are of the “no regrets” school of life, you might think that all this regret is a recipe for unhappiness. But that isn’t the case. True, letting yourself be overwhelmed by regret is indeed bad for you. But going to the other extreme may be even worse. To extinguish your regrets doesn’t free you from shame or sorrow; it consigns you to make the same mistakes again and again. To truly get over our guilt requires that we put regret in its proper place.
As uncomfortable as it is, regret is an amazing cognitive feat. It requires that you go back to a past scenario, imagine that you acted differently to change it, and with that new scenario in mind, arrive at a different present — and then, compare that fictional present with the one you are experiencing in reality.
Many connection regrets overlap with moral regrets, which can come about after you violate your own values. For example, you may pride yourself on being a loving person, and thus regret not living up to this image in the relationship you harmed. Moral regrets can also involve just yourself.
Pink’s other two categories of regrets involve life choices. Foundation regrets are those in which you did something that affected the course of your life in a way you don’t like. A classic example is wishing you had stayed in school.
But regret doesn’t have to be left unmanaged. The trick is not to remove the bad feeling; it’s to acknowledge it and use it for learning and improvement. Instead of letting the specter of your failed relationship make you miserable, by simply wishing it had tuned out differently you can be honest with yourself about what went wrong and use that knowledge to enjoy better relationships in the future.
A.Not all regrets are the same of course. |
B.Meanwhile, boldness regrets are the opposite. |
C.Regret may hurt, but obsessing over them is destructive. |
D.Your regret can teach you to become smarter and more successful — if you let it. |
E.Unanalyzed and unmanaged, any variety of regret can be poison for your well-being. |
F.Maybe you regret not living up to your commitment to your health when you ate a whole pizza or skipped the gym. |
G.For example, if today your relationship with your partner has soured, your regret might mentally take you back to last year. |
6 . How We Talk about Fear Matters
Lately, there seems to be plenty to fear in the world. How we talk about what we fear might offer clues to how we perceive that emotion socially and culturally.
Get the root of fear.
Figure out the emotional meaning of fear.
Whether emotions are viewed positively or negatively varies from culture to culture.
Find out a fearful pattern.
In looking at such patterns across the major language families, researchers found that the word “fear” was often associated with anxiety, envy and grief in Indo-European languages. But in Austronesian languages, “fear” more often was associated with surprise.
How we talk about fear changes how we react to it. When we talk about what frightens us, it may be useful to disrupt associated meanings. In addition, how our language categorizes an emotion seems to impact whether we perceive those emotions negatively or positively.
In conclusion, fear is something that can be changed by cultural and linguistic experience.
A.Talk more about fears |
B.Change our perception of fear |
C.The word fear has a long history in English |
D.There seemed a fearful pattern across the major language families |
E.This is based on what people have learned to associate with emotion words |
F.It opens the door to potential ways to change how we talk about and react to it |
G.This makes speakers of the latter languages associate this emotion with a less negative sense |
7 . I was cleaning out a cupboard the other day when I made an amazing discovery. Inside I
Yet there it was, resting under a lot of paper to be recycled. I might have
I’m in the middle of reading another book
I find it fascinating to think that this could happen; that after more than fifty years my father could
A.locked | B.found | C.placed | D.hid |
A.notes | B.reviews | C.chapters | D.references |
A.regret | B.relief | C.satisfaction | D.amazement |
A.long | B.fun | C.popular | D.romantic |
A.support | B.knowledge | C.approval | D.reach |
A.life | B.writing | C.reflection | D.education |
A.cleared away | B.passed down | C.counted on | D.handed out |
A.bothered | B.caught | C.shaken | D.disturbed |
A.or | B.so | C.but | D.for |
A.easy | B.quick | C.rough | D.clear |
A.briefly | B.closely | C.happily | D.calmly |
A.honor | B.comment | C.reward | D.attention |
A.design | B.anticipate | C.evaluate | D.record |
A.touch | B.raise | C.help | D.protect |
A.peaceful | B.successful | C.interesting | D.smooth |
8 . Finland was known as a rather quiet country. Since 2008, the Country Brand Delegation (国家品牌代表团) has been looking for a national brand that would make some noise to market the country as a world-famous tourist destination. In 2010, the Delegation issued a “Country Brand Report,” which highlighted a host of marketable themes, including Finland’s famous educational system. One key theme was brand new: silence. As the report explained, modern society often seems intolerably loud and busy. “Silence is a resource,” it said.
Silence first appeared in scientific research as a control or baseline, against which scientists compare the effects of noise or music. Researchers have mainly studied it by accident, as physician Luciano Bernardi did in his study of the physiological (生理学) effects of music. “We didn’t think about the effect of silence,” he said. Bernardi observed two dozen test subjects while they listened to six musical tracks. He found that the impacts of music could be read directly in the bloodstream, via changes in blood pressure, carbon dioxide, and circulation in the brain. “During almost all sorts of music, there was a physiological change with a condition of arousal (兴奋),” he explained.
This effect made sense, given that active listening requires attention. But the more striking finding appeared between musical tracks. Bernardi and his colleagues discovered that randomly added stretches of silence also had a great effect, but in the opposite direction. In fact, two-minute silent pauses proved far more relaxing than either “relaxing” music or a longer silence played before the experiment started. The blank pauses that Bernardi had considered irrelevant, in other words, became the most interesting object of study. Silence seemed to be heightened by contrasts, maybe because it gave test subjects a release from careful attention. “Perhaps the arousal is something that concentrates the mind in one direction, so that when there is nothing more arousing, then you have deeper relaxation,” he said.
This finding is reinforced by neurological (神经系统的) research. Relevant research shows when our brains rest quietly, they integrate external and internal information into “a conscious (意识的) workspace.” Freedom from noise and goal-directed tasks, it appears, unites the quiet without and within, allowing our conscious workspace to do its thing to discover where we fit in.
Noora Vikman, a consultant on silence for Finland’s marketers, knows silence well. Living in a remote and quiet place in Finland, she discovers thoughts and feelings that aren’t detectable in her busy daily life. “If you want to know yourself, you have to be with yourself, and discuss with yourself, and be able to talk with yourself.”
1. Why does the author mention the Country Brand Report in Paragraph 1?A.To present how Finland viewed silence. |
B.To highlight the need of noise in Finland. |
C.To explain why Finland issued the brands. |
D.To indicate the authority of the Delegation. |
A.It challenged the calming effect of music. |
B.It emphasized the role of silence between sounds. |
C.It illustrated the loss of attentiveness after silence. |
D.It stated brains’ information processing in the quiet. |
A.doubtful | B.supportive | C.disapproving | D.unconcerned |
A.Silence: A Limited Resource | B.Silence: A Misunderstood Tool |
C.Silence: The Unexpected Power | D.Silence: The Value by Contrasts |
9 . This morning, a former student sent me a message, telling me he is living a happy life. He said he often thinks of me and that he especially misses my
My thoughts went back to that shy, overweight boy who
That spring I decided to give my students more
Messages of this kind always call up sweet memories. Yes, as a (n)
A.literature | B.exercise | C.language | D.physics |
A.transferred | B.turned | C.applied | D.belonged |
A.careless | B.curious | C.friendly | D.withdrawn |
A.logical | B.expressive | C.athletic | D.calculating |
A.join | B.make | C.coach | D.inspect |
A.names | B.numbers | C.teachers | D.helpers |
A.abandoned | B.promoted | C.caught | D.selected |
A.modest | B.creative | C.committed | D.respected |
A.encouragement | B.training | C.concern | D.assistance |
A.out of breath | B.out of sight | C.out of practice | D.out of shape |
A.get along with | B.put up with | C.fit in with | D.keep up with |
A.flexible | B.relaxed | C.enthusiastic | D.intelligent |
A.mistakes | B.excuses | C.changes | D.comments |
A.determination | B.potential | C.optimism | D.competence |
A.ambitious | B.professional | C.confident | D.caring |
10 . Self-forgiveness has been defined as the process by which you become aware of any damage you’ve caused, seek to repair it, and eliminate or reduce your feelings of self-condemnation and guilt.
Forgiving yourself entails experiencing feelings of self-condemnation.
Self-forgiveness involves changing the way you think about your past mistakes. It’s of vital importance to stop interpreting them as sources of shame and regret.
The ability to forgive yourself also implies your firm belief that change is possible.
Finally, the last dimension of self-forgiveness is the awareness that you’re only human, hence, not perfect. Consequently, you’re capable of failing at any point in your life. Recognizing yourself as part of humanity can also help you to be more compassionate towards others.
A.Self-forgiveness goes beyond feelings of self-pity. |
B.This doesn’t refer to ignoring the fault you committed. |
C.Self-forgiveness promotes your justice and reparation to others. |
D.These are later replaced by the feeling of need to repair your mistakes. |
E.You need to regard them as part of the process of becoming who you are. |
F.Realizing this may be the first step you need to better face your future mistakes. |
G.This means you’ll be more understanding and flexible in the face of others’ mistakes. |