Is English an easy language to learn? It actually
For any problem my English teacher finds with us, she talks to us face to face. Although it is very
内容包括:
1. 听说学习的重要性;
2. 学习中遇到的问题;
3. 你的建议。
注意:
1. 词数不少于100;
2. 适当增加细节,使文章连贯。
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4 . Children often learn new languages more easily than adults do, but it’s unclear why. Some theorize that grasping a language requires absorbing subtle patterns unconsciously and that adults’superior conscious reasoning is to blame. New research suggests that, indeed, grown-ups might just be too smart for their own good.
For a recent study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, a group of Belgian adults at the same time read and heard strings of four made-up words(such as “kieng nief siet hiem”). Specific consonants (辅音) always appeared at the beginning or end of a word if the word contained a certain vowel (元音). Participants next read the sequences aloud quickly. Their ability to avoid mistakes doing so indicated how well they absorbed the consonant-vowel patterns.
But before exposure to the new words, the participants had carried out a separate test: pressing keys to react to letters and numbers. Some got a much faster, more mentally draining version of this test. Those who did the difficult version claimed greater mental exhaustion afterward—but performed better on the following language task. The researchers assume that tired learners used less conscious analysis on the word rules: they were free to learn like a child.
For a related paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, the research team had English-speaking adults listen to streams of syllables (音节) secretly grouped into three-syllable “words.” Later, they played pairs of three-syllable units; one word in the pair came from the stream, and one was a new combination. The participants guessed which word was familiar, then rated their confidence.
In one participant group, some had first done the original mentally draining test. In another, some had received magnetic pulses to interrupt activity in a brain area that previous research has linked to executive control. In both groups, these measures improved participants’ performance on the syllable task when they were unsure about their answers, indicating unconscious analysis of speech.
Neuroscientist Michael Ullman, who was not involved in either paper, likes that both the studies added to mental burden differently and measured different skills. That’s really good in science because you’ve got evidences pointing to the same direction,” he says, adding that he would like to see higher language skills such as grammar studied this way.
1. The reason why some Belgians were given a more difficult test before the language task was that __________.A.they would have no time to prepare for the upcoming task. |
B.they would be too tired mentally to consciously analyze the rules |
C.they could have something to refer to in the following task |
D.they might compare the difficulty level of the two tasks |
A.The research result is not solid until grammar is included. |
B.Subconscious mind remains to be explored in science. |
C.The outcomes of the two researches back each other up |
D.More evidence is needed to back the claim of the two papers. |
A.Human brain processes languages in multiple ways. |
B.Conscious analysis is the key to mastering a language. |
C.Increasing mental health improves one’s language. |
D.Reducing reasoning may help to learn a language. |
I don’t think memorizing the word list is the best way to learn words. First, you should learn words in
6 . In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other.
Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration.
A.Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting. |
B.Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though. |
C.As long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change. |
D.All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use. |
E.The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation. |
F.Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking. |
G.The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors. |
Before the 17th century, most of the native English speakers lived in England. After the 17thcentury, British people began to move to other
In a study, subjects who practiced the made-up language moderately beforehand made
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter,
l. Jim遇到的困难;
2.你的建议。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
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Yours,
Li Hua
10 . In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality?
Linguists(语言学家) generally argue for “the arbitrariness of the sign”: no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped. A rare exception is onomatopoeia, where words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow) and the buzz made by a bee are more or less similar to the sound. Yet most things are not subject to naming this way.
What about mama? It does not sound like a mother, but the fact is that some sounds are more widespread than others around the world. There are many dozens of observed consonants which are rare and hard for non-natives to learn.
In contrast, a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make. A baby vocalising will, at first, make a vowel-like sound, usually something like “ah”, which requires little in the way of control over the mouth. If they briefly close their mouth and continue vocalising, air will come out of their nose, thus making the m-sound that is used in “mother” around the world.
Though the “mamas” bear the most obvious similarity, the “papas” have striking commonalities, too. Babies can easily stop their breath when they close their lips (rather than going on breathing through the nose). This produces a b-or a p-sound. It is surely for this reason that so many names for “father” use these consonants: papa in English, abb in Arabic and baba in Mandarin. T-and d-sounds are similarly basic, involving a simple tap of the tongue against the teeth: hence daddy, tatay (Tagalog) or tayta (Quechua).
Father and mother are, therefore, an oddity. F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder. English, Greek and Spanish are unusual in having them. Even Anglophone children may struggle with th-sounds when they are five, or older still in many cases.
Anyway, it is hard to find linguistic universals amid the world’s dazzling variety.
1. What does the underlined word “quadruped” in Paragraph 2 most probably refer to?A.Pronunciation | B.Sound | C.Bee | D.Animal |
A.the sounds of the two words sound alike |
B.air will come out of baby’s mouth directly |
C.the sounds can be easily and naturally uttered |
D.babies can continue their breath when closing their lips |
A.Forthcoming. | B.Programme. | C.Magnificent. | D.Magazine. |
A.Inspiration from babies’ smile and talks. |
B.Linguists’ efforts to the research of sounds. |
C.Connection between the word mum and dad. |
D.Reasons for similar sounds in unrelated languages. |