3 . In the early 19th century, Egypt connected two vast regions: the Ottoman Empire (奥斯曼帝国) and the African continent. For centuries, the Ottoman Empire had been at the center of Eurasian trade. It had also been a major center of manufacturing which produced handmade goods for Europe and Africa.

However, the industrialization of Europe meant that cheaper goods made by machines soon flooded into the Ottoman Empire. The result of this competition was that Africa was increasingly seen as a place that provided new materials for European factories, rather than one that had factories of its own.

Egypt was an African country that was technically part of the Ottoman Empire. It was first invaded by the French army. With British help, the Ottoman forces drove the French out of Egypt. Following this, Muhammad Ali successfully brought about Egyptian independence from the Ottoman Empire. By 1831, he was effectively an independent ruler of a more modern Egypt.

Egypt was already a small-scale producer of cotton, which was sold to Britain. Ali encouraged even more cotton production nationwide. With the money from this cotton production, Ali’s government began to aid factories so that the country could profit from its own industrialization. By the late 1840s, it looked like Egypt would eventually become an industrial power.

During the following years, Egypt’s economy stagnated and slowly slid into decline. The factories ceased production, and by the 1880s, it had to seek help from Britain financially. Though Egypt remained formally independent, it seemed to be more like a British colony.

Europeans kept interfering in Egypt partly because of the Suez Canal. Egypt’s new leaders were already stressful because of the industrial collapse that left their country unable to repay the money borrowed from Britain. Finally, in 1875, the king sold his share in the Suez Canal Company to the British, giving them control of this important national resource. The powerful British took advantage of this instability and seized the country.

1. For Africa, what was the result of the industrialization of Europe?

A．The new factories began to spring up in Africa.

B．The prices of the goods became higher in Africa.

C．Africa was reduced to material suppliers gradually.

D．Handmade goods became popular in Europe and Africa.

2. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “stagnated” in Para 5?

A．recovered

B．bounced

C．ruined

D．stopped

3. Which is the right order as for the events in history?
① French invaded Egypt.               ② The Ottoman Empire ruled Egypt.
③ Britain seized Egypt.                  ④ Egypt gained independence.

A．①③②④

B．①②④③

C．②①③④

D．②①④③

4. According to the passage, which of the following can best describe the 19^th-century Egypt?

A．The Suez Canal was the main contributing cause of all disputes.

B．Egypt enjoyed booming development and underwent social unrest.

C．Egyptians were so brave as not to obey the rulers of other countries.

D．Egypt lived up to the status—one of the Great Ancient Civilizations.

5 . Medical Practices in Ancient Egypt

Learning from the Dead

To find out why people have died,today’s medical examiners perform autopsies(尸体解剖).They cut open the body and study its parts.Ancient Egyptians also performed autopsies to help understand causes of death.In addition,autopsies helped ancient Egyptians study the human body.By comparing the hearts of people who were different ages,for example,Egyptians could determine what a young,healthy heart was supposed to look like.

Keeping a Written Record

The Egyptians not only studied the human body,but they also kept detailed records of what they discovered.They wrote and drew their observations on papyrus,a form of paper.The papyrus records became the medical textbooks of that time.Their observations allowed Egyptian doctors to share their knowledge,including how to treat various diseases.

Edwin Smith Papyrus

In 1862,an American named Edwin Smith purchased a medical papyrus in Luxor,Egypt. Smith was not a medical expert,but he knew a lot about old documents.He knew that what he had found was valuable.The papyrus turned out to be an ancient textbook on surgery.The papyrus was probably written around 1600 BC,but it was based on information from a thousand years before that.The papyrus presents the information as case studies,including an analysis of how patients survived or died.

1. By performing autopsies,ancient Egyptians could____

A．determine the causes of illnesses

B．learn about different body parts

C．keep detailed records on textbooks

D．share what they had discovered

2. The document bought by Edwin Smith was valuable because it was____

A．originally written on papyrus

B．an ancient medical textbook

C．discovered by a medical expert

D．written a thousand years before

3. This article is probably from____

A．a story book

B．a health leaflet

C．a medical magazine

D．a biology textbook