4 . The first people in Canada crossed the Bering Strait from Asia.In the north the Inuit lived by hunting seals，walruses (海象) and whales.They also hunted caribou (北美驯鹿)．On the west coast people hunted deer，bear and beaver (河狸)．They also fished.On the plains people lived by hunting buffalo.In the east people grew crops of beans，squash (南瓜)，maize (玉米) and sunflower seeds.

The first Europeans to reach Canada were the Vikings.In 986 a Viking called Bjarni Herjolfsson was blown off course by a storm and he spotted a new land.However he sailed away without landing.In 1001 a man named Leif Eriksson landed in the new land，which he named Vinland (it was part of Canada)．However Eriksson did not stay permanently.Later the Vikings did establish a colony (殖民地) in North America but they abandoned it because of conflict with the natives.

However，after the Vikings，Canada was forgotten until the end of the 15th century.In 1497 the English King Henry Ⅶ sent an Italian named John Cabot on an expedition across the Atlantic to Newfoundland.Cabot discovered rich fishing waters off the coast of Canada.

Then in 1534 and in 1535－1536 a Frenchman named Jacques Cartier (1491－1557) sailed on two expeditions to Canada.On 10 August 1535 (St Lawrence's Day) he sailed into the St Lawrence River，which he named after the saint.

However no permanent European settlements were made in Canada until the early 17th century.In 1603 a Frenchman named Samuel de Champlain (1567－1635) sailed up the St Lawrence River.In 1604 he founded Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia)．In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec.(The name Quebec is believed to be an Algonquin word meaning a narrow part of a river)．In 1642 the French founded Montreal.The new colony in Canada was called New France.By 1685 the population of New France was about 10，000.By 1740 it was 48，000.

5 . CALIFORNIA

California is the    1    （three）largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA,    2    （attract）people from all over the world. This diversity of culture is not    3    （surprise）when you know the history of California. No one really knows exactly    4    the first people arrived in what we now know as California. However,    5    is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. In the 16th century, after the    6    （arrive）of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. In the 18th century California    7    （rule）by Spain. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence    8    Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846, after the war    9    ( win) by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was    10    （natural）a multicultural society.

6 . As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and - since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1 880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.” ran one popular Victorian maxim, mentioning the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super- rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

China is     1     (wide) known for its ancient civilization, which has continued all the way until now. One of the main     2     (factor) is the Chinese writing system.

At the beginning,    3     (write) Chinese was a picture-based language.It dates back several thousand years to the use of longu-animal bones and shells on    4    symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.Some of the ancient symbols can still    5    (see) in today’s Hanzi.

By the Shang Dynasty, these symbols had become a well-developed writing system. Over the years,the system developed into different forms as it was a time when people were divided geographically,leading    6     many varieties of dialects and characters.    7     ,this changed on the Emperor Qinshihuang of Qin Dynasty(221-207BCE).

Today,the Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture. It is beyond    8    (argue) that as China plays a great role in global affairs,    9    increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this    10    (amaze) language

The warm weather outside may look perfect for outdoor exercise. But for those     1     are not that sporty, what could be nicer than having     2     (relax) afternoon tea with a few good friends     3     taking a break?

But are you familiar with the culture of afternoon tea ― its origins, what is included, and     4     proper etiquette(礼仪)?   Here are a few things you need to know about this     5     (tradition) English custom so that you can enjoy it more.

While the tradition of drinking tea    6     (date) back to about 3000 BC in China, it was not until the mid-17th century that the concept of “afternoon tea” first appeared in the UK.

In 1840, Anna Maria Russell, the     7     (seven) Duchess of Bedford, started asking for a tea tray with butter, bread and cakes at 4 pm every day, as she found she was hungry at this time every day while the evening meal in her house    8     (serve) late at 8 pm. She found this new habit difficult    9     (break) and soon invited other ladies in society to join her.

This pause for tea quickly became a fashionable social event.     10     the 1880s, the upper class would put on gowns, gloves and hats for their afternoon tea.

A comforting cup of tea is an essential part of the day for hundreds of millions of people around the globe. Worldwide, three cups of tea     1     (consume) for every cup of coffee. To    2    (full) appreciate the ancient roots of the herbal drink, a visit to the China National Tea Museum might be in order. The institution has a long history.

    3    (locate)in Hangzhou, the museum occupies a parklike setting. Inside, various halls demonstrate the story of tea, its ceremonies and its tools. Records of tea drinking date as far back as the     4     (ten) century B.C. in China. Originally the leaves were baked into a brick, a part of     5     could be broken off and made into a powder. Tea spread into northern China during the Tang Dynasty; by the Song Dynasty it     6    (acquire) a loose-leaf production as well as the ceremonies that made its consumption     7     art form.

The art of tea extended to its fancy containers, which are     8     display at the museum.Gracefully rounded kettles date back 5,000 years; tea bowls from the Tang Dynasty have a beautiful simplicity. Today     9     (visit) can observe a tea ceremony that might be enough     10    (change) even the most passionate coffee drinker

China’s ancient civilization has continued into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in its history. One of the main     1    (factor) is the Chinese writing system.

    2    (date) back several thousand years to longgu, written Chinese was a picture-based language. At that time, some symbols     3    (carve) on animal bones and shells. By the Shang Dynasty, it had been already     4    (high) developed system. Later, there was a time     5    the Chinese people were divided geographically, leading     6    many varieties of dialects and characters. Chinese writing system was fixed from Qin Dynasty, when Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country.

The writing system is not only of great     7     (important) in uniting the Chinese people and culture, but also an important means by     8     China’s present is connected with its past. Today, we can read the classic works     9    (write) by Chinese in ancient times. Now, Chinese calligraphy, as     10    art form, has become an important part of Chinese culture.