2 . Black Friday refers to the day after Thanksgiving. On this day, crowds of shoppers flood into stores all over the country to take advantage of the season’s biggest holiday bargains. But the real story behind Black Friday is a bit complicated.

The most commonly repeated story behind the post-Thanksgiving shopping-related Black Friday tradition links it to retailers (零售商). As the story goes, after an entire year of operating at a loss, recorded in red ink, stores would supposedly earn a profit, marked in black ink, on the day after Thanksgiving, because holiday shoppers blew so much money on discounted products. Though it’s true that retail companies used to record losses in red and profits in black when doing their accounting, this version of Black Friday’s origin is not an accurate story behind the tradition.

The true story behind Black Friday, however, is not as sunny as retailers might have you believe. Back in the 1950s, police in the city of Philadelphia used the term to describe the chaos that happened on the day after Thanksgiving, when tens of thousands of suburban shoppers and tourists flooded into the city in advance of the big Army-Navy football game held on that Saturday every year. Not only would the police not be able to take the day off, but also they would have to work extra-long shifts dealing with the additional crowds and traffic.

The term didn’t spread to the rest of the country until much later, however, and as recently as 1985 it wasn’t in common use nationwide. Sometime in the late 1980s, however, retailers found a way to reinvent Black Friday and turn it into something that reflected positively on them and their customers. The result was the “red to black” concept mentioned earlier. The Black Friday story stuck, and pretty soon the term’s darker roots in Philadelphia were largely forgotten.

1. What is usually believed to be the origin of Black Friday?

A．The great profit retailers may gain.	B．The way retailers do their accounting.
C．The much money shoppers spend.	D．The biggest bargains on this day.

2. Why did police in Philadelphia refer to the day after Thanksgiving as Black Friday?

A．They had to compete with more shoppers for bargains.

B．They had to give up the big Army-Navy football game.

C．They had to work more hours to deal with the chaos.

D．They had to advance to suburb to fight against floods.

3. The retailers reinvent Black Friday in the late 1980s ________.

A．to attract more customers to shop	B．to create the “red to black” concept
C．to make profits by this special event	D．to change people’s impression of it

4. What is the purpose of writing the passage?

A．To introduce the real history of Black Friday.

B．To explain a term with various meanings.

C．To show the biggest shopping holiday in US.

D．To remind readers of a forgotten truth of red and black.

3 . 假定你是校英语报的一名记者，请根据所给提示写一篇报道，介绍考古学家樊锦诗，并发表在校英语报上。

出生年月	1938年7月
主要贡献	1. 建立“数字敦煌”； 2. 编写了许多与敦煌莫高窟相关的书籍。
评价	2019年9月，被授予“文物保护杰出贡献者”国家荣誉称号。

注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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4 . 5000 B.C.— People began to farm along the Nile River in Egypt.
2950B.C. — Egypt was first united under MENES.
2600B.C. — The first pyramid of Egypt, the Pyramid of Djoser, was built.
2500 B.C. — The great Pyramid of Gina was built.
2000 B.C. — The Bantu Peoples began to migrate into central and southern Africa.
1279 B.C. — Rameses II became pharaoh（法老）of Egypt.
1070 B.C. — The kingdom of Kush gained its independence from Egypt.
814 B.C. — The city of Carthage was established by the Phoenician Empire.
715 B.C. — Kush conquered Egypt and ruled it until 662 B.C.
650 B.C. — Cathage became independent. It grew into one of the most powerful cities on the Mediterranean Sea.
590 B.C. — The capital of Kush was moved from Napata to Meroe.
525 B.C. — The Persians conquered Egypt.
332 B.C. — The Greeks led by Alexander the Great conquered Egypt.
264 B.C. — Carthage fought in the First Punic War.
146 B.C. —Cathage was defeated by Rome. Roman forces destroyed the city.
30 B.C. — Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh of Egypt, died. Egypt became part of Rome.
1. When did Cathage become independent?

A．715 B. C.	B．590 B.C.
C．650 B.C.	D．1070 B.C.

2. According to the text, Kush ruled Egypt for ________ years.

A．53.	B．30.
C．50.	D．63.

3. What does the text mainly tell us?

A．The whole history of Egypt.	B．Cities and peoples in Egypt.
C．The historical wars in Africa.	D．Timeline of Ancient Africa.