2 . In 1968 a grave dating from about 1100 was uncovered near Hattula, in Finland, Little remained of the occupant’s skeleton, but the inhumation included two swords and a knife. Such grave goods would normally suggest said occupant was a man. The skeleton was, ______ also decorated with brooches (胸针) and woollen clothing of types more usually worn at the time by women. This ______ guess that the burial was actually of a powerful woman, possibly a local ruler in her own right rather than just the wife of a male king.

This would be noteworthy enough. But a re-examination of the remains, just published in the European Journal of Archaeology by Ulla Moilanen of the University of Turku and Elina Salmela of the University of Helsinki, suggests the truth may be yet more ______. Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela suspect that the individual ______ may have had outward characteristics of both a man and a woman.

In 1968 working out the ______ of a skeleton in an ancient grave was tricky. After years of deterioration, the bones of men and women look pretty much ______. But that was before the use of DNA became possible. So Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela thought it worth trying again.

Most people have two sex chromosomes (染色体): XX in women and XY in men. Find DNA from a Y-chromosome in a skeleton and the chances are the body was ______. And, looking at a fragment of femur brought to her by Ms. Moilanen, who is the archaeologist in the ______, Dr. Salmela, who is the geneticist, did indeed find such DNA. But not much of it. That led her to wonder about contamination (污染), but also to consider whether the individual in the grave had had a(n) ______ X-chromosome that was swamping the signal from the Y.

Having an abnormal number of sex chromosomes is rare, but not vanishingly so. The particular ______ XXY leads to what is known as Klinefelter’s syndrome. To determine the occupant’s karyotype (染色体组型) from the tiny amount of DNA available, Dr. Salmela drew ______ with living people. The grave delivered 8,329 pieces, so she used a computer to draw samples of similar size from the genomes of living people with various karyotypes, including XXY, and also from mixtures of both sexes, to ______ contamination. She then compared these with the DNA from the grave and ______ it was 99.75% probable the individual concerned had indeed had Klinefelter’s syndrome.

While Dr Salmela was working all this out, Ms. Moilanen and her team had another look at the grave. They confirmed that it was a ______ burial. For instance, they found evidence of fine furs, probably from foxes. Clearly, this was a well-respected human being, but what led to that ______ in a world then dominated by male values is a matter of puzzle. Perhaps the person came from a family powerful enough for such things not to matter.

4 . Black people left the South for multiple reasons, including severe Jim Crow laws that denied black people their civil rights and economic conditions that made advancement next to impossible. They saw _______ for them to get in northern cities, where workers were needed during labor shortages _______ by World War I. Between 1915 and about 1960, northern industrial cities _______ five million black people, becoming majority black.

Many went to the northern city of Harlem - a New York neighborhood that had once been a rural _______ white area. During a real estate crash at the turn of the 20th century, the _______ of property became more willing to rent to black renters. Property values then _______ as white residents attempted to offload their real estate and move away. _______, the area became majority black, and Harlem tuned into an attraction for migrants _______ economic chance and a rich cultural and social life.

These _______ weren’t just from the American South: A group of people came from Caribbean countries like Jamaica, Antigua, and Trinidad, ________ economic downturns because of the decline of sugar prices throughout the West Indies.

That cultural ________ stimulated new types of expression and thought. Promoted by black churches and businesses, Harlem ________ life. There, a poor black worker could brush ________ with educated, wealthy black residents. They could take part in entertainment by black people, for black people. The Jamaica - born black, Marcus Garvey, even ________ the Universal Negro Improvement Association to ________ racial pride and economic independence.

6 . During World War II, a young nurse, Irena Sendler, risked her life to save over 2,500 children. Back in 2008, she was ________with some of the children whom she had saved. They wanted to ________her face to face for what she did.

Irena was only 29 when the war began, and at the time, she was ________at the Welfare Department of the Warsaw municipality in Poland. This gave her the perfect ________to help Jewish people being targeted by the Nazis.

In the 1940s, the Nazis ________the country’s Jewish population to the Warsaw ghetto. The ghetto was meant to ________Jews from the general population, and inside, Jews had to live in ________conditions. By 1942, nearly everyone in the ghetto had been deported (驱逐) to concentration camps and killed.

When Irena heard that, she decided to ________Jewish people. Using her credentials(证件) as a social worker, she was able to get ________to go into the ghetto. Then, she ________to take as many children out of the ghetto as she could secretly, ________over 2,500 of them between 1935 and 1943.

To get the kids out, Irena and her team would ________them in ambulances, lead them through underground sewer(下水道) networks and passageways, or wheel them out in suitcases or boxes. She eventually became one of the main ________behind Zegota, a secret organization that called itself the Council for Aid to Jews.

The Gestapo(盖世太保) ________what Irena was doing in 1943, and when she learned they were ________her, she wrote the names of the rescued children on cigarette papers, put them into two glass bottles and ________them in a friend’s garden. After the war, these bottles were dug up so that the children could be reunited with their families. ________, most of the families died in concentration camps, so many of the kids ________saw their loved ones again.

The Gestapo ________Irena and wanted to kill her, but finally she was saved by Zegota.

Irena received plenty of ________for her bravery, including the Gold Cross of Merit. Though she died later, we continue to honor her memory to this day.

7 . Considered a symbol( 象征) of ancient Chinese_________, the Great Wall of China was enlisted in the World Heritage by the UNESCO in 1987 as one of the _________of the world. Just like a huge_________, the Great Wall winds( 蜿蜒) its way up and down from east to west, across deserts, over mountains, _________ valleys till at last it reaches the sea, with a _________of more than 6000 kilometers.

No one can tell for sure when the building of the Great Wall was _________, but it is popularly believed that the Great Wall was first built over 2500 years   ago during   the West   Zhou Dynasty to _________ the nation against the northern tribes( 部落). Emperor Qin Shihuang united the different small countries into one _________. To keep the enemies out, he had all the walls _________ up; thus, the great wall came into being. It had been playing an important _________ in wars in ancient Chinese history. It was very _________ work to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines, as all the work was done by _________. Thousands of men died and were _________under the wall they built. Some parts of the Great Wall are now in _________ or even entirely disappeared.

Today the Great Wall has become a _________ for every visitor to China. Many of them have come to know the famous Chinese saying:“He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”

8 . Thatbyinnyu (达宾纽佛塔) is the tallest pagoda in Bagan, with seven storeys and a history of over 800 years. Over the course of hundreds of years, it has been _________ by time. Despite the constant prayers, the pagoda must still face the _________ of time. In 2016, a(n) _________ occurred in central Myanmar (缅甸) and hundreds of pagodas and Buddha statues were damaged. Thatbyinnyu was among the most seriously affected.

A team of _________ professionals from China are busily working with their Myanmar counterparts shortly after the earthquake. They must complete the reinforcement of the pagodas before the _________ season arrives. In Bagan, craftsmen hold on to the techniques passed down from generation to generation when _________ pagodas. Original local materials are used and all work is done by _________. All materials must be transported manually to the third storey of the pagoda. In order to avoid friction (摩擦) of the supporting steel pipes against the ground or the walls of the pagoda, the construction team must lay wooden boards on the third and fourth storeys. Moving a piece of board is a test of _________ and care.

The rainy season is approaching. Two days ago, the roof of the pagoda began to _________ after heavy rain. The construction team must identify the most suitable material quickly to __________ the external cracks on the roof of the pagoda to prevent new leakage. The restoration team carried out experiments using lime, sand, and Bagan’s __________ red brick powder in different proportions. In the end, they found the combination with the best overall __________ in terms of water absorption and strength. After more than a month of non-stop work, the team of Chinese and Myanmar professionals finally completes the emergency reinforcement of the Thatbyinnyu __________ the arrival of the rainy season.

Once the rainy season is over, China’s __________ to Myanmar to fully repair the Thatbyinnyu Pagoda will __________ start. This project may last for nine years.