1 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, the attitudes to dirt are always changing.

In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, and washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. The king of England did something similar in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. France’s Henry IV was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief above was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbour ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家) , encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.

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2 . 依据课文内容，在空格里填入适当的词（每空1词）或依据所给词填入其正确形式（不超过3个词）

The United Kingdom has a long and interesting history     1     (explore), which can help you understand much more about the country and traditions. Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you     2     (surround) by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times     3     history. The first group, the Romans, came in the first century. Some of their great     4     (achieve) included building towns and roads. Next, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the fifth century. They introduced the     5     (begin) of the English language， and,     6     (change) the way people built houses. The Vikings came in the eighth century, leaving     7     of new vocabulary, and also the names of locations across the UK. The last group were the Normans. They conquered England after the well-known Battle of Hastings in the 11th century. They had castles     8     (build) all around England and made changes to the     9     (illegal) system. The Normans were French,     10       many French words slowly entered into the English language.

3 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或用括号内单词的正确形式（不超过3个单词）。

The Silk Road linked ancient Rome and     1     （ distance） China. It was once the greatest network of trade routes （路线） on earth，     2     traveled precious goods along， such as silk and gold， as well

    3     revolutionary new ideas.

With time going by， it     4     （begin） to decline. The traffic slowed， the merchants（商人）1eft and     5     （final） its towns disappeared beneath the desert sands to be forgotten for a thousand years；     6     ， tales grew up of lost cities     7     （fill） with treasures and evil spirits guarding them. In the early years of the last century， foreign explorers started to look into these stories and very soon an international race started for the art treasures of the Silk Road Huge wall paintings， sculptures and priceless antiques were carried away by the ton， and today     8     （show） in the museums of many countries.

Contrary to the destroyers， China is trying to bring back the ancient concept of the Silk Road. Aimed at carrying forward the spirit of peace， cooperation， openness and inclusiveness （包容） for     9     （share） benefits through concrete projects， the New Silk Road has already received a warm response from more than 60 countries and     10     number of the international organizations.

4 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Yin Xu, also known as the Ruins of Yin, is one of the oldest and largest archaeological sites (考古遗址) in China, which has also been confirmed     1     the first site of a capital in Chinese history.

Around 1300 B.C., the     2     (twenty) king of the Shang dynasty, Pan Geng, moved his capital to Yin. He built a prosperous and stable city,     3     (exist) through eight generations and twelve kings for 255 years. It created the brilliant Yin-Shang Civilization,     4     is of priceless value in terms of history, culture, art and science. Under the Zhou dynasty, Yin was left to fall into ruin. Afterwards, the once-great city of Yin passed into silence until its rediscovery in 1899.

    5     (locate) in the northwest of Anyang, Henan province, Yin Xu has two main sites, covering     6     area of 30,000 square kilometers. Yin Xu conveys the     7     (society) life of the late Shang dynasty, reflecting highly developed science and architectural technology including bronze casting (铸铜) and a calendar system. This great discovery helped to track recorded Chinese history nearly one thousand years earlier. Yin Xu     8     (add) to the World Cultural Heritage List in 2006. Not     9     (surprise), it stands first on the list of China’s 100 major archaeological     10     (discover) in last century.

5 . Beginning with Chinese efforts to explore and connect with Central Asia, the Silk Road consisted of massive small routes and was named after the silk cloth the Chinese produced.     1     Through these routes, Chinese silk, porcelain, lacquer work and ironware were shipped to the West, while pepper, flax, spices, grape and pomegranate entered China.

    2     They promoted flow of knowledge as well. Arab astronomy, calendar and medicine found their way to China, while China’s four great inventions and silkworm breeding spread to other parts of the world.     3     For example, Buddhism originated in India, blossomed in China and was enriched in Southeast Asia. Confucianism, which was born in China, gained appreciation by European thinkers such as Leibniz and Voltaire. Herein lies the appeal of mutual learning.

The ancient silk routes witnessed the busy scenes of visits and trade over land and ships calling at ports. Along these major routes, capital, technology and people flowed freely.     4     The ancient prosperous cities and ports developed, so did the Roman Empire as well as Parthia and Kushan Kingdoms. The Han and Tang Dynasties of China entered the golden age. The ancient silk routes brought prosperity to these regions and contributed to their development.

Some regions along the ancient Silk Road used to be a land of milk and honey. Yet today, these places are often associated with conflict, crisis and challenge.     5     Now, the Belt and Road Initiative intends to build an open platform of cooperation and a broad community of shared interests. It will not only achieve economic growth and balanced development, but also connect different civilizations. Mutual understanding, mutual respect, and mutual trust among different countries will be boosted.

A．More importantly ideas were also exchanged.

B．The ancient silk routes were not only for trade.

C．Goods, resources and benefits were widely shared.

D．Such state of affairs should not be allowed to continue.

E．However, silk was just one of many goods traded on these routes.

F．Large empires provided stability and protection for the trade routes.

G．The Silk Road was never an actual road, or even a single massive trade route.

6 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

When foreigners negotiate, or register in certain areas of China, they may be     1    (surprise) at Chinese’s special fondness and preference for seals. To Chinese, seals are an art of deep cultural roots,     2     combines the essence of both calligraphy(书法) and sculpture and inspires generations to study, to appreciate and to collect.

It is believed that seals came out as early     3     8,000 years ago after our ancestors could make pottery wares(陶瓷)and had private property. They were assumed to make marks on     4    (they) own possessions to prevent them from being stolen. When the first dynasty     5    (found),the king began to use seals to empower(授权)and to show lordly credits. Only the king’s special seal was then called “Xi”,     6    (represent) the highest authority. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, had his “Xi”    7    (make) out of the invaluable and beautiful jade “Heshi Bi”.

Then the local governments also needed seals for     8     same function. Meanwhile, private seals were carved in a variety of lucky     9    (character)and vivid animal patterns.    10    (gradual). the sphragistics (印章学) came into being.

7 . Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.

The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.

This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.

This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.

1. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?

A．Academic.

B．Unattractive.

C．Inexpensive.

D．Confidential.

2. What did street sales mean to newspapers?

A．They would be priced higher.	B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers.	D．They could regain public trust.

3. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?

A．Local politicians.	B．Common people.
C．Young publishers.	D．Rich businessmen.

4. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?

A．It was a difficult process.	B．It was a temporary success.
C．It was a robbery of the poor.	D．It was a disaster for printers.

8 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

The computer is widely used in our daily life. The computer is a machine that     1    (design) to help people do many things. When it first came into     2    (be), it was just a calculating machine, and later it was built as an analytical machine that could “think” logically and produce an answer     3    (fast) than any other person. Still later, the computer could be made to work as a “universal machine” to solve any difficult mathematical problems. There were times when its size was     4    (total) changed. It became smaller and smaller but it got cleverer and clever. In the early 1960s, computers were connected by network and brought into common people’s homes     5    (deal) with information and help communication     6     people around the world. It could share     7    (inform) with others and they could talk to each other. The Internet has become     8     important part in our life and we can do many things with the help of the Internet. The computer is used to connect people     9     aren’t close enough to speak to each other. It has been serving the human race since     10    (it) birth.

9 . Archaeologists（考古学家） studying Stonehenge and its surrounding area say they've dug up the relics of an untouched, ancient campsite that dates back to 6,000 years—a find that could rewrite British prehistory.
“This is the most important discovery at Stonehenge in over 60 years,” Professor Tim Darvill, a Bournemouth University archaeologist and a Stonehenge expert who did not take part in the new discovery, told the Telegraph. And as he told The Huffington Post in an email, the discovery changes earlier theories that Stonehenge was built in a landscape that was not heavily used before about 3000 B.C.
The discovery was made during a dig at Blick Mead, a site about 1.5 miles from Stonehenge. Researchers found charcoal（木炭）dating back to 4,000 B.C. and evidence of possible buildings, according to a statement released by the university. They also dug up burnt stone and tools, as well as the remains of animals—ancient cattle that served as food for ancient hunter-gatherers.
The researchers plan further analysis on theartificial objects but say they're worried the tunnel construction (隧道建设) could damage the site and get in the way of their work.
“Blick Mead could explain what archaeologists have been searching for centuries—an answer to the story of Stonehenge’s past,” David Jacques, the University of Buckingham archaeologist who discovered the campsite, told The Guardian. “But our only chance to find out about the earliest part of Britain’s history could be ruined if the tunnel goes ahead.”
Stonehenge, a prehistoric monument made up of a ring of standing stones, lies eight miles north of Salisbury, England in Wiltshire. It has been listed as a World Heritage Site since 1986.
1. The main purpose of the passage is _________.

A．to introduce a recent discovery of ancient relics

B．to call on people to protect the ancient relics

C．to warn the researchers not to do further analysis

D．to attract more tourists to visit Stonehenge

2. We can learn from the passage that _______.

A．the researchers express their concern that the relics might be ruined

B．the ancient campsite has been destroyed by the construction workers

C．archaeologists are repairing artificial objects founded in the relic site

D．the tunnel construction rewrites the earliest part of Britain’s history

3. In which section of a newspaper can we read this passage？

A．Travel.

B．Business.

C．Lifestyle.

D．Culture.

10 . 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Have you ever heard the saying “All roads lead to Rome”? At one time, this was pretty much true. During the Roman Empire, lots of roads were built in order to move armies, send messages by courier (信使), and make trade easier.
The network of Roman roads was begun in 312 BC. It was demanded that the roads be built strong so that they would not fall down. Roman soldiers, supervised (监督) by engineers, laid down the roads in a special pattern of layers. There were all together 4 layers, which was made of different materials, such as sand, rocks, stones and so on.
Also, Roman roads were cambered(拱形). This means that they were built higher in the middle than on the edges, allowing rainwater to run off, which prevented flooding. We use the same technique in building roads today. The Romans also laid out roads over hills when necessary, setting them down in a zigzag (之字形的)pattern to make the road rise gradually.
All Roman roads had milestones (里程碑), placed every thousand paces (a Roman mile). The milestones told when the road was built, who was emperor at the time, the road’s destination, how far the traveler was from the destination, and how many miles had been traveled since the beginning of the road. This information was a great help to travelers.
Because of their excellence in construction, it really is no surprise that many parts of Roman road still exist today. These roadways are one of the most impressive achievements of the Roman Empire.
1. The following description about Roman roads is true EXCEPT _____.

A．Roman roads were built by the Roman soldiers directed by the engineers

B．Roman roads could prevent flooding using the technique we don’t use today

C．Roman roads had milestones that were placed every Roman mile

D．Roman roads still exist today as an impressive achievement of Roman Empire

2. What information can you find on the milestones?

A．The builders of the road.

B．The materials used in building roads.

C．The distance from one city.

D．The time spent in building roads.

3. The passage mainly ______.

A．explains the saying “All roads lead to Rome”

B．praises ancient Romans for their great achievements

C．shows how great the Roman Empire was

D．introduces the construction of the Roman roads