2 . The name England comes from the words “Angle land”. The Angles were people who came from northern Germany in the 5th and 6th centuries, after the Romans had left. The French name for England is Angleterre, which also means “Angle land”. There were also invasions (侵略) of southern England by Saxons and Jutes (people from another part of northern Germany). English people are sometimes called Anglo－Saxons. The Celts who used to live in this area were forced to move back into Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall and into Western France (the area known as Brittany).

England at first became a series of kingdoms, the strongest of which was Wessex (the name comes from West－Saxon). The names of many of the areas in England come from this period—for example, the name Sussex comes from South－Saxon, Essex from East－Saxon, and East Anglia from East－Angle. The Vikings then came from Denmark, and later the Normans invaded from France. Eventually England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland were united, forming the United Kingdom.

The English language is the main language spoken throughout England, although there are many different accents. It can be difficult to know how to spell or to pronounce some English words, because the language has been influenced by Latin and Greek (languages used at the time of the Romans, and used in religion and education until recent times), German (the language of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes), French(the language of the Normans), Gaelic/Scots (Celtic languages) and Danish (the language of the Vikings).

There are now many people throughout the United Kingdom who speak a foreign language either as their first or second language, mainly due to immigration (移民) from Europe or the Commonwealth (countries which used to be part of the British Empire).

1. What's the first paragraph mainly about?

A．The origin of the name England.

B．The Celts used to live in England but left for some reason.

C．Southern England once was attacked by Saxons and Jutes.

D．Angles and Saxons came from different parts of northern Germany.

2. In the history of England, ________ once was the strongest kingdom.

A．Sussex	B．Wessex
C．Essex	D．East Anglia

3. What can we learn from the third paragraph?

A．English words are hard to spell and to pronounce.

B．England had been invaded by most of the countries of Europe.

C．The English language was influenced by several foreign languages.

D．It's hard for people who have different English accents to communicate.

4. Why do many people in the UK speak a foreign language nowadays?

A．Because they are required to learn a foreign language at school.

B．Because they plan to live outside the UK in the future.

C．Because they have moved from other countries.

D．Because they have worked in other countries.

3 . When our ancestors were peasants in the earliest days of agriculture, the daily schedule was: work in field all day, eat midday meal in field, continue working in field. Today, after centuries of human advancement, it goes something like: work in coffee shop all day, buy and eat lunch there, continue toiling away on laptop until the sun sets. Though it may seem like the tech boom and gig economy(临时工经济) led the way in this modern mobile work style, working and dining have always been intertwined. In major cities like New York, Washington D.C., Sydney and Hong Kong, restaurants are changing into official co-working spaces during off-peak hours.

Dr. Megan Elias, director of the gastronomy program at Boston University, says food and business have been linked since as far back as the ancient Sumer (who established civilization as we know it around 4000 B.C.) “What we think of as street food has always been part of human civilization,” she says. “There have always been marketplaces where humans came together to conduct some kind of business — like trading grain, trading animals or building houses. As long as there have been marketplaces, people have been eating at them while also doing business.”

The first example of a brick-and-mortar “restaurant” came during the merchant economy in the 15th and 16th centuries, according to Elias. During this stage in European, African, and East and South Asian history, inns allowed merchant businessmen to rest — and of course, eat — throughout their travels. During the colonial era of the 1600s and 1700s, concrete examples of American restaurants emerged as “Coffee Houses”. Coffee Houses were places that had newspapers, which at the time were very small and commercial," author and social historian Jan Whitaker explains.

Coffee houses remained tradesman staples throughout the early 19th century, with simple menu items like rolls and meat pies. More “grand meals,” as Elias calls them, were still taking place within homes for non-traveling folk. But, when the U.S. began industrializing in the 1840s and people stayed near workplaces during the day, eating establishments popped up around factories.

“Industrialization of the city is also restaurantization of the city,” Elias says. “Places sprung up to serve a business lunch crowd and an after-work dining crowd again, still doing business.”

1. How does the author mentioned our ancestors in paragraph1?

A．To make comparisons	B．To present figures.
C．To raise questions	D．To give examples

2. When did restaurants begin to provide not only eating but sheltering?

A．around 4000 B.C.	B．in the 15th and 16th centuries.
C．During the 1600s and 1700s.	D．In the early 19th century.

3. What can we learn about Coffee houses?

A．Newspapers were produced there first.

B．The food served there was limited at first.

C．They were especially popular around factories.

D．It was a perfect place for entertainment and eating.

4. What can be best title of the text?

A．the function of eating out.	B．The slow formation of the modern city.
C．the evolution of the restaurant.	D．The age of more work, less eating.

4 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived     1     , through agriculture. Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on     2     could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.

Farming produced more food per person     3     hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children. And，as more children were born, more food     4    (need). Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology     5    (change) lives.

By about 6000 BC，people     6     (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later，they learned to work with the     7     (season)，planting at the right time and, in dry areas,     8     (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.

This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with     9     rise of science, changes began. New methods     10     (mean) that fewer people worked in farming. In the last century or so, these changes have accelerated. New power machinery and artificial fertilizers (化肥) have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age.

5 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London. Its sound so well known     1     it has often been used in films. The Clock tower was completed in 1859 and the Great Clock started on 31 May，with the Great Bell’s strikes     2       (hear) for the first time on 11 July. It celebrated its 150th anniversary on 31 May 2009, during     3     celebratory events took place. The tower has become one of the most outstanding     4     (symbol) of both London and England.

The Clock Tower you see today is not the first tower to be built in Parliament’s ground. The     5     (origin) tower was built in 1288- 1290 during the reign of King Edward I. Unfortunately     6     big fire destroyed most of the Palace of Westminster. Architects     7     ( invite) to submit their designs and Sir Charles Barry’s was successful. Reconstruction of the Clock Tower began in September 1843.    8     was designed in the Victorian Gothic style.

With time passing by, the top of the clock tower is leaning one-and-a-half fee off a level positionand     9     (get) worse each year now, partly as a result     10     decades of underground excavation.

6 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

In China, the history of people planting and using bamboo dates back to as far as 7, 000 years ago. As early as the Shang Dynasty, bamboo was used for food, clothing, housing, transportation, musical instruments and even weapons. Since then it     1     (use) in many aspects of people’s daily lives.

The     2     (apply) of bamboo in science and technology is thrilling. In 51 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan,     3     (lead) the local people in building the Dujiang Weirs, the first irrigation (灌溉) network in the world, in     4     bamboo played an important role. The world’s oldest water pipe was also made of bamboo. During the Han Dynasty, the people in Sichuan     5     (success) sank a 1600-metre-deep well with thick bamboo ropes. This technology did not spread to Europe     6     the 19th century, and it was by using the technology     7     the Americans drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859.

In Chinese culture, bamboo is well-known as     8     of the “four gentlemen” in plants. To many distinguished men, bamboo is a symbol of goodness and honesty. It is always closely     9     (connect) with people of positive spirits. Bamboo culture always plays a positive role in encouraging people to hold on when     10     (face) tough situations.

7 . Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.

The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.

This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.

This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.

1. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?

A．Academic.

B．Unattractive.

C．Inexpensive.

D．Confidential.

2. What did street sales mean to newspapers?

A．They would be priced higher.	B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers.	D．They could regain public trust.

3. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?

A．Local politicians.	B．Common people.
C．Young publishers.	D．Rich businessmen.

4. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?

A．It was a difficult process.	B．It was a temporary success.
C．It was a robbery of the poor.	D．It was a disaster for printers.

8 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Silk Road was a passage for the transportation of silk in ancient times. Lots of relics on the road can still     1     (see) now. From the relics, tourists can see the outline of the ancient metropolitan(大都市) areas along    2       fantastic road. In the tour packages, tourists can imagine     3     (they) to be ancient merchants by riding camels in deserts.

The Silk Road is a long route,     4     Xi'an in the east to Gansu province and Xinjiang region in the west. If it is your first trip to China, we     5    (sincere) suggest you should spend at least ten days visiting Beijing, Xi'an, Dunhuang, Urumqi and Kashgar. You could get to know about the history of China and experience     6     (color) scenery along the Silk Road.

If you are an experienced traveler         7       (want) to explore China fully, it is recommended       8     you travel to Dunhuang, Zhangye, Jiayuguan, Turpan, Kashgar and Urumqi to follow the footprint of Marco Polo. This route may take about 15 days. If you have only a one-week holiday, the     9     (choose) of three most famous cities will be fit for you.

Along the Silk Road route, Xi'an and Gansu province are suitable to visit all-year round. The best time     10     (visit) Xinjiang region is from May to October because the weather is mild.

9 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

The word Nushu literally means “women’s writing” in Chinese: As the name suggests, Nushu is created and specially used by women.

Often     1    (call) “the world’s only surviving characters for women”, these slim words were developed from standard written Chinese. In the old days, Nushu     2    ( teach) by elderly women to girls at home because female children weren’t allowed     3    (attend) formal school. During gatherings in villages, women used the characters to write poems or song lyrics to express their emotions     4     were hidden from men. The words were full    5     encouragement and positive energy, and showed an uncommon open-mindedness among women at that time.

Ji Xianlin once said that Nushu is a feminist (女权主义者) symbol. “It’s    6     unique writing system created by    7    (talent) women who were deprived (剥夺) of the right to education,” he wrote in an article. “It has significance in various     8    (field) and represents Chinese people’s strong spirit.”

Nushu was made as a national cultural heritage in 2006. However, it is not     9    (wide) used in daily life today. In fact, it is a dying language. Now linguists are taking action to prevent this incredible cultural heritage from    10    (disappear).

10 . Why does most of the world travel on the right side today? Theories differ, but there’s no doubt Napoleon was a major influence. The French have used the right since at least the late 18^th century. Some say that before the French Revolution, noblemen drove their carriages on the left, forcing the peasants to the right. Regardless of the origin, Napoleon brought right-hand traffic to the nations he conquered, including Russia, Switzerland and Germany. Hitler, in turn, ordered right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia and Austria in the 1930s. Nations that escaped right-hand control, like Great Britain, followed their left-hand tradition.

The U.S. has not always been a nation of right-hand drivers; earlier in its history, carriage and horse traffic travelled on the left, as it did in England. But by the late 1700s, people driving large wagons pulled by several pairs of horses began promoting a shift（改变）to the right. A driver would sit on the rear（后面的）left horse in order to wave his whip（鞭子）with his right hand; to see opposite traffic clearly, they travelled on the right.

One of the final moves to firmly standardize traffic directions in the U.S. occurred in the 20^th century, when Henry Ford decided to mass-produce his cars with controls on the left (one reason, stated in 1908: the convenience for passengers exiting directly onto the edge, especially… if there is a lady to be considered). Once these rules were set, many countries eventually adjusted to the right-hand standard, including Canada in the 1920s, Sweden in 1967 and Burma in 1970. The U.K. and former colonies such as Australia and India are among the Western world’s few remaining holdouts (坚持不变者). Several Asian nations, including Japan, use the left as well--- though many places use both right-hand-drive and left-hand-drive cars.

1. Why did people in Switzerland travel on the right?

A．They had used the right-hand traffic since the 18th century.

B．Napoleon introduced the right-hand traffic to this country.

C．Rich people enjoyed driving their carriages on the right.

D．Hitler ordered them to go against their left-hand tradition.

2. Of all the countries below, the one that travels on the right is_________.

A．Japan

B．England

C．Austria

D．Australia

3. Henry Ford produced cars with controls on the left __________.

A．so that passengers could get off conveniently

B．in order to change traffic directions in the U.S.

C．because rules at that time weren’t perfect

D．though many countries were strongly against that

4. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A．Before the French Revolution, all the French people used the right.

B．The Burmese began to travel on the right in 1970.

C．People in Britain and the U.S. travel on the same side nowadays.

D．All the Asian nations use the left at present.

5. What would be the best title for this passage?

A．Who made the great contribution to the shift of traffic directions?

B．How cars have become a popular means of transportation?

C．How Henry Ford produced his cars with controls on the left?

D．Why don’t people all drive on the same side of road?