1 . The pandemic has affected nearly all aspects of modern life, from the clothes we wear to the food we eat. There is one thing, however, that has remained almost unchanged: the emojis we send.
According to data from the Unicode Consortium (统一码联盟), nine of the 10 most-used emojis from 2019 also ranked among the top 10 this year. The tears of joy emoji ranked No.1, despite members of Gen Z deeming it uncool.
“It speaks to how many people use emojis. If emojis were a purely Gen Z thing, then you wouldn’t see it so highly ranked,” said Alexander Robertson, an emoji researcher at Google. “Because of the large number of people using emojis, even if one group thinks something is lame, they have to be a really big group to affect these statistics.”
And it makes sense that Gen Z would think that certain emojis aren’t fashionable. It’s part of the “teenager experience of creating a sense of subculture where there’s a right way and a wrong way of behaving.” Plus, there is a range of laughter that can be expressed: There’s light chuckling. There’s acknowledgement laughter, which is just a marker of empathy. Using emojis, such as the skull face (“I’m dead”) or crying face ( uncontrollable tears of laughter), can help to illustrate that range.
“It basically indicates that we have what we need to communicate a broad range of expression, or even very specific concepts,” Mr Robertson said. “You don’t necessarily need a Covid emoji.”
“We did see a rise in the use of the virus emoji. But it wasn’t made remotely into the most-commonly used ones because we still had plenty to laugh about and plenty to cry about, whether it was because of the pandemic or not,” said Lauren Gawne, a senior lecturer in linguistic at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.
“Even in the midst of this massive global pandemic that preoccupied so much of our time,” She added. “We still spent a lot of time wishing each other happy birthday or checking or laughing about some new and unexpected elements of this slow-burning weirdness.”
1. Why does the tears of joy emoji ranked No.1 despite the dislike from the Z generation?A.The emoji is a purely Z generation thing. |
B.The Z generation are too young to influence the rank. |
C.Though they dislike it, the Z generation vote for it ultimately. |
D.The Z generation take up a very small portion in emoji users. |
A.the virus emoji | B.a Covid emoji |
C.the use of the virus emoji | D.the rise in the use of the virus emoji |
A.The massive global pandemic has come to an end. |
B.The pandemic has little influence on people’s daily life. |
C.We have a broad range of expression for communication. |
D.Some new and useful emojis are created to replace the virus emoji. |
A.The Pandemic and the Emoji. |
B.Gen Z, the Emoji Generation. |
C.The Emoji of the Year. |
D.The Rise of Virus Emoji |
2 . This question has fascinated behavioural scientists for decades: why do we give money to charity?
The explanations for charitable giving fall into three broad categories, from the purely altruisic (利他的)— I donate because I value the social good done by the charity. The “impurely” altruistic— I donate because I extract value from knowing I contribute to the social good for the charity. And the not-at-all altruistic— I donate because I want to show off to potential mates how rich I am.
But are these motives strong enough to enable people to donate as much as they would want to? Most people support charities in one way or another, but often we struggle to make donations as often as we think we should. Although many people would like to leave a gift to charity in their will, they forget about it when the time comes.
Many people are also aware that they should donate to the causes that have the highest impact, but facts and figures are less attractive than narratives. In a series of experiments, it was found that people are much more responsive to charitable pleas that feature a single, identifiable beneficiary(受益者), than they are to statistical information about the scale of the problem being faced. When it comes to charitable giving, we are often ruled by our hearts and not our heads.
The good news is that charitable giving is contagious—seeing others give makes an individual more likely to give and gentle encouragement from an important person in your life can also make a big difference to your donation decisions— more than quadrupling them in our recent study. Habit also plays a part— in three recent experiments those who volunteered before were more likely to do donate their time than those who had not volunteered before.
In summary, behavioural science identifies a range of factors that influence our donations, and can help us to keep giving in the longer term. This is great news not just for charities, but also for donors.
1. What can we learn about people who do charitable giving?A.Most people support charity as often as they think they should. |
B.Some people don’t want to leave a gift to charity until the time comes. |
C.Those who donate because they can gain an advantage are purely altruistic. |
D.Some people send money to charity simply to tell others they are wealthy. |
A.Not revealing the names of the donors. |
B.Showing figures about the seriousness of the problem. |
C.Telling stories that feature a single, recognizable beneficiary. |
D.Reminding people to write down what to donate in the will in advance. |
A.People will learn from others and follow the suit. |
B.Many people are familiar with charitable giving. |
C.Charitable giving helps the beneficiary in all aspects. |
D.Charitable giving can bring a lot of benefits to donors. |
A.To persuade more people to donate. |
B.To explain the science behind why people donate. |
C.To criticize some false charitable giving behaviours. |
D.To explore approaches to making people donate more. |
3 . How good are you at maths? Some people love the challenge of algebra (代数) or enjoy working out number puzzles. Maths is all around us, from working out the bill after a meal, to calculating your daily bills. But many are confused about the moment when they have to deal with numbers and figures.
Writing for BBC Future, David Robson says “
A.There are many reasons for your fears. |
B.Anyway, our worries and fears show our ability. |
C.The problem really starts in childhood, at school. |
D.Surprisingly, the percentage of this aspect reached up to 62%. |
E.It’s unclear why maths arouses so much fear compared to geography. |
F.It can seem challenging, but this “maths anxiety” is perfectly normal. |
4 . It was a regular school day, and the air was filled with the usual sounds of chatter and laughter as students prepared for their lessons. Little did I know that this day would soon take a
As the bell rang, signaling the beginning of our English class, we entered the classroom, completely
Panic spread as we understood how
In all the chaos, I noticed my
As we reached the door, it felt hotter, and we knew we had to hurry. With hearts
Outside, we took a moment to catch our breath,
After everything happened, I couldn’t help but reflect on the events of that day.
A.classic | B.dramatic | C.powerful | D.graceful |
A.independent | B.tolerant | C.fluent | D.unaware |
A.into | B.onto | C.behind | D.against |
A.destroyed | B.interrupted | C.buried | D.sheltered |
A.formal | B.unique | C.severe | D.awkward |
A.hurried | B.delivered | C.jogged | D.hesitated |
A.sister | B.mother | C.classmate | D.teammate |
A.protested | B.reminded | C.stressed | D.realized |
A.flight | B.step | C.wave | D.foot |
A.racing | B.debating | C.suffering | D.begging |
A.greeted | B.conducted | C.surrounded | D.attracted |
A.stress | B.sadness | C.confidence | D.relief |
A.Breaking through | B.Going through | C.Making out | D.Working out |
A.tough | B.plain | C.various | D.specific |
A.contribution | B.ambition | C.determination | D.addiction |
5 . The Lipstick Effect
In 2020, the world was plunged into an economic down turn as the COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread closures to businesses.
The lipstick effect refers to the phenomenon of consumers spending on small luxury goods even when an economic depression occurs.
Whatever the causes of the lipstick effect. this phenomenon is no short-lived trend. During the global depression of 2007-2009, sales of cosmetic in the United States increased by around 5%. Based on such data, it seems that even in the current insecure economic climate, the luxury cosmetics industry is one that will be sticking around.
While lipstick as an economic indicator makes sense, it can be difficult for the public to access sales data on lipstick and similar products at regular intervals, such as weekly or monthly.
A.What does lipstick tell us about the economy? |
B.They do not have enough to spend on big-ticket luxury items. |
C.The lipstick effect is a behavior that reflects economic conditions and emotional states. |
D.So, how exactly do consumers who are short of cash justify making such purchases? |
E.By using products such as lipstick, they may feel more confident during job interviews. |
F.As a result, the lipstick indicator helps the chair of Estée Lauder know how to plan his budget. |
G.Under these circumstances, millions of people suddenly found themselves facing financial insecurity. |
6 . Live streaming (直播) is booming, with viewers watching nearly 4 billion hours of live stream, in the gaming sector alone, in 2020.
To stream or not to stream—that is the question with over 50 million American online creators. With over seven-in-ten people in the US using social media such as YouNow, Facebook Live, YouTube Live and Twitch, sharing a moment, routine, or an exciting experience with others has never been easier for US streamers.
For some, the motivation to live stream is for the fun of it, while others are seeking to become the next celebrity (名人).
Back in 2016, researchers studied live streams originating from the US, Japan and Germany on the platforms YouNow, Periscope and UStream. They found a wide variety of motivations driving each streamer, with a large majority using live streaming services for their own entertainment.
The main motive of US streamers was to reach a specific target group, for example, by performing music. Their goal was to improve their personal image and to cultivate their fan base. On the other hand, socializing was the main motivation for Japanese streamers. The need to communicate with their audience was especially strong. Finally, German streamers’ primary motivations were to relieve their boredom. And they’re not alone. Boredom was also a strong motivator found in both American and Japanese streamers back in 2016. Simply put, many people turned to live streaming to help pass the time and to relieve their boredom.
And then there’s a new type of live streaming where streamers don’t perform for, interact or even communicate with their viewers. Instead, the live stream broadcasts uninterrupted everyday activities such as sleeping and studying. Streamers position their cameras on their beds and go to sleep. In February 2020, Chinese streamer YuanSan broadcast his 2-day “sleep-stream” which, to his surprise, attracted 18 million viewers. In an interview, YuanSan claimed that his motivation was to relieve his boredom. “I was so bored that I decided to live stream myself sleeping. What I discovered was that viewers on the internet were even more bored than I was.”
1. What makes it easier for US streamers to share online?A.The fast network connections. | B.Streamers’ desire for fame. |
C.People’s need for entertainment. | D.The huge number of online viewers. |
A.To enjoy themselves. | B.To make money. |
C.To make friends. | D.To be famous. |
A.Various ways of streaming. | B.Positive influences of streaming. |
C.Great achievements of streamers. | D.Different motivations of streamers. |
A.It is boring to stream online. | B.Streaming can improve his sleep. |
C.Streaming can help relieve boredom. | D.It is important to communicate with viewers. |
7 . Many kids help out around the house with chores such as emptying the dishwasher, putting laundry away, and taking out the trash. In exchange, some kids get allowances or other rewards such as extra computer time.
But some people do not think that kids should get rewards for doing chores. Susie Walton, a parenting educator and family coach, believes that by rewarding kids, parents are sending a message that work isn’t worth doing unless you get something in return. “Running any kind of household is a team effort,” Susie said. “A home is a living space for everyone in the family. It’s important for kids to see that we all have responsibilities in the house, and that families decide together how they want their home to look, and how they are going to keep it looking like everyone wants it to look.”
Other people believe that getting a cash allowance or other rewards motivates kids to do chores, and it also teaches them real world lessons about how we need to work to earn money. There are also new applications that give kids points and digital gifts that can be redeemed (兑取) either online or in the real world. With the Chore Monster app, kids earn digital points by completing chores that they can turn in for real-life rewards such as extra Xbox time or a trip to the mall. “Our goal is to encourage kids to earn rewards.” says Chris Bergman, founder of Chore Monster. “Kids need positive reinforcement to help motivate them.”
What do you think? Should kids be rewarded for doing chores? Or should kids help out around their homes without getting anything in return?
Write a 200-word response. Send it to tfkasks4you@timeforkids. com. Your response may be published in a future issue of Time For Kids. Please include your grade and contact information of your parent or teacher if you want your response to be published. The deadline for responding is 18 February.
1. How does the author start the passage?A.By stating his own experiences. | B.By presenting some facts. |
C.By comparing different views. | D.By listing some evidence. |
A.Kids should be rewarded for doing chores. |
B.Parents decide what kids can do for the family. |
C.Kids have the responsibility to share housework. |
D.Kids can get extra computer time for doing chores. |
A.Chris Bergman’s opinion on raising kids. |
B.Main reasons why kids need encouragement |
C.How to motivate kids to try new applications. |
D.The advantage of rewarding kids for doing chores. |
A.To invite readers to express their opinions. | B.To present the author’s viewpoint about parenting. |
C.To call on readers to reflect on their behavior. | D.To inform readers of two different opinions. |
8 . While teenagers who are at risk of depression with risky behaviors — drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes and cutting classes often alert parents and teachers that serious problems are brewing, a new study finds that there’s another group of adolescents who are in nearly as much danger of experiencing the same mental symptoms.
These teens use tons of media, get insufficient sleep and have a sedentary (不爱活动的) lifestyle. Of course, that may sound like a description of every teenager on the planet. But the study wars that it is teenagers who engage in all three of these practices in the extreme that are truly in a dangerous position. Because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag, these young people have been called the “invisible risk” group by the study’s authors.
The study’s authors surveyed 15,395 students and analyzed nine risk behaviors, including excessive alcohol use, illegal drug use, heavy smoking and high media use. Their aim was to determine the relationship between these risk behaviors and mental health issues in teenagers. The group that scored high on all nine of the risk behaviors was most likely to show symptoms of depression; in all, nearly 15% of this group reported being depressed, compared with just 4% of the low-risk group. But the invisible group wasn’t far behind the high-risk set, with more than 13% of them exhibiting depression.
The findings caught Carli off guard. “We didn’t expect that,” he says. “The high-risk group and low-risk group are obvious, but this third group was not only unexpected. It was so distinct and so larger — nearly one third of our sample — that it became a key finding of the study.”
Carli says that one of the most significant things about his study is that it provides new early warning signs for parents, teachers and mental health-care providers. And early identifications, support and treatment for mental health issues, he says, are the best ways to keep them from turning into full-blown disorders.
1. Which teenager probably belongs to the “invisible group”?A.A teenager who drinks frequently. | B.A teenager who exercises regularly. |
C.A teenager who skips school. | D.A teenager who suffers from a lack of sleep. |
A.It was conducted by analyzing and comparing the previous data. |
B.It was intended to dig into the reasons for depression. |
C.It revealed an alarming rate of the invisible group suffering depression. |
D.Its findings were under expectation of the research team. |
A.Unclear. | B.Positive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Indifferent. |
A.introduce a new therapy for teens’ mental disorder |
B.war about the unobserved signals for teens’ mental problems |
C.share a novel psychological experiment with teens |
D.caution teens against developing unhealthy habits |
White flowers of mourning and condolence gifts lie near the narrow alleyways of Itaewon, the popular nightlife district of Seoul, where scores of Halloween revelers died in a stampede on Saturday evening.
As of Tuesday morning, the
The tragedy was the deadliest such incident in South Korea’s history and the worst peacetime disaster the nation has seen since 2014, when 304 people died in a ferry accident.
Twenty-six foreigners from 14 countries were among the Itaewon victims, including five from Iran, four from China, four from Russia, two from the United States and two from Japan.
As many as 100,000 people dressed in
President Xi Jinping sent
Xi regretted that several Chinese nationals were killed or injured in the accident, and hoped that South Korea would spare no effort
A week-long period of national mourning is being held in South Korea, with all state and government agencies flying flags at half-mast. The Chinese embassy in Seoul is among the diplomatic missions that have expressed condolences to victims of the disaster.
People across South Korea are paying
10 . We all have a tendency to fake laugh, particularly when authority figures in our lives try to make a joke that just doesn’t land. Though it might feel rude not to laugh when your in-laws or boss try to say something funny, pretending to do so might not be much better. It turns out, even if you think that your forced laughing sounds genuine, people are usually pretty good at separating truly spirited belly laughs from fake ones. But how can they possible know the difference?
Well, when researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles studied the acoustic and perceptual differences between real and fake laughter, they found that some of the sounds associated with genuine laughter is “really hard to fake.” In their study, the researchers determined that subjects were only fooled by 37 percent of fake laughter.
The most prominent factor distinguishing real laughter from fake laughter is duration — or, more specifically, the number of breaths taken in in between sounds. Seeing as it takes more effort and concentration to fake a laugh as opposed to do it genuinely, people tend to pause more in between their “ha-ha’s” when they’re faking it. Evidently, that pausing is pretty noticeable.
“A fake laugh is basically an imitation of a real laugh, but produced with a slightly different set of vocal muscles controlled by a different part of our brain,” Greg Bryant, the lead UCLA researcher on the study, explained. “The result is that there are subtle features of the laugh that sound like speech, and ... people are unconsciously quite sensitive to them.”
People have also proven to be emotionally sensitive to laughter as well. “Our rains are very sensitive to the social and emotional significance of laughter,” said Carolyn McGettigan, a scientist at Royal Holloway, University of London.
McGettigan conducted a 2014 study that recorded participants’ brain responses as they listened to the same people produce genuine laughter by watching funny videos, as opposed to fake laughter. “During our study, when participants heard a laugh that was posed, they activated regions of the brain associated with mentalizing in an attempt to understand the other person’s emotional and mental state,” she said.
So, while we may understand that certain social situations sometimes require fake laughter, most of the time, our instincts and emotional intelligence are just too smart to buy into them.
According to McGettigan, that’s a good thing. “Evolutionarily speaking, it’s good to be able to detect if someone is authentically experiencing an emotion or if they’re not,” she said. “Because you don’t want to be fooled.”
1. What do researchers at the University of California want to find out in this study?A.What is the difference between a fake laugh and a real one. |
B.Which part of the brain controls the sound of our laughter. |
C.Why do people need to fake laugh when they don’t want to. |
D.How to laugh as genuinely as possible when you are faking it. |
A.you seem more concentrated when you laugh for real |
B.you take more breaths when you try to fake a laugh |
C.a fake laugh often happens after a sudden pause |
D.a real laugh usually lasts longer than a fake one |
A.Certain social situations may require us to fake a laugh. |
B.Evolution has enabled us to recognize other’s emotions. |
C.By instincts, we are able to tell a person’s mental state. |
D.We can sense other’s emotional state when they laugh. |