2 . In the days before the Internet, critical thinking was the most important skill of informed citizens. But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a psychologist at the Max Planck Institute of Human Development, and her colleagues, an even more important skill is critical ignoring.

As the researchers point out, we live in an attention economy where content producers on the Internet compete for our attention. They attract us with a lot of emotional and eye-catching stories while providing little useful information, so they can expose us to profit-generating advertisements. Therefore,we are no longer customers but products, and each link we click is a sale of our time and attention. Toprotect ourselves from this, Kozyreva advocates for learning the skill of critical ignoring, in which readers intentionally control their information environment to reduce exposure to false and low-quality information.

According to Kozyreva, critical ignoring comprises three strategies. The first is to design ourenvironments, which involves the removal of low-quality yet hard-to-resist information from around. Successful dieters need to keep unhealthy food out of their homes. Likewise, we need to set up a digital environment where attention-grabbing items are kept out of sight. As with dieting, if one tries to bank onwillpower not to click eye-catching “news”, he’ll surely fail. So, it’s better to just keep them out of sightto begin with.

The next is to evaluate the reliability of information, whose purpose is to protect you from false and misleading information. It can be realized by checking the source in the mainstream news agencies which have their reputations for being trustworthy.

The last goes by the phrase “do not feed the trolls.” Trolls are actors who internationally spread false and hurtful information online to cause harm. It may be appealing to respond to them to set the facts straight, but trolls just care about annoying others rather than facts. So, it’s best not to reward their bad behaviour with our attention.

By sharpening our critical ignoring skills in these ways, we can make the most of the Internet while avoiding falling victim to those who try to control our attention, time, and minds.

1. What can we learn about the attention economy from paragraph 2?

A．It offers little information.	B．It features depressing stories.
C．It saves time for Internet users.	D．It seeks profits from each click.

2. Why does the author mention dieters in paragraph 3?

A．To discuss the quality of information

B．To prove the benefits of healthy food.

C．To show the importance of environments.

D．To explain the effectiveness of willpower.

3. What should we do to handle Internet trolls according to the text?

A．Reveal their intention.	B．Turn a deaf ear to them.
C．Correct their behaviour.	D．Send hard facts to them.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．Reasons for critical thinking in the attention economy.

B．Practising the skill of critical ignoring in the digital age.

C．Maximizing the benefits of critical ignoring on the Internet.

D．Strategies of abandoning critical thinking for Internet users

3 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

One day, my elder brother and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going with other fishermen. All at once, the sky over our heads was covered, with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm. Strangely, it seemed that the storm struck us only. I could clearly see that the sun shone brightly in the area not far away.

With the wind and waves, we were going in the direction of the whirlpool (旋涡). Other fishermen were in a very distant area without noticing what we were experiencing. We shouted for help but in vain. We were hopeless. Nothing could save us. I felt sick, as if I was falling from a mountain top in a dream. We went round and round, nearer and nearer to the horrible edge of the whirlpool. It may appear strange, but at that moment, when we were on the edge of the whirlpool, I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it. I began to think how amazing a thing it was lo die in such a way, and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature. Suddenly, we went over the edge. I thought my life was over. But moment after moment passed, and I was still safe.

The boat was on the inside of the huge whirlpool and we were going round in circles at great speed. I saw clearly that there were other objects in the whirlpool- trees and barrels (桶子). After a while, I became curious about the whirlpool itself. I then made three important observations. The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down less rapidly; and the third, between two objects of the same size, objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly.

注意: 1. 续写词数应为150个左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

So I tied myself to a barrel and jumped into the sea.

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Then the sky was clear, the wind calmer, and the sum was shining.

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4 . Are you the kind of person who hated school? Or are you more like Michael Nicholson, who can’t stop learning? He currently has 30 degrees including 22 master’s and a doctorate!     1     The word comes from Greek with “phil” meaning “a lover of” and “math” meaning “learning”.

Humans are all philomaths to an extent – our brain is born to be curious. We want to learn and understand, partly to make sense of the world but also because of something called neoteny. This is a term that refers to the teenage characteristics of some animals, including humans, being preserved into adulthood. One of these traits is neuroplasticity, which helps our brains stay flexible.     2     While creatures like monkeys can’t do this and only learn during their adolescence.

But for every person who loves learning, there are plenty who can’t stand it.     3     Why is this? Educational anthropologists have suggested that if a concept or idea is too complex or dull, it becomes harder to link old and new ideas together.     4     This negative experience of education at school may lead to people avoiding learning opportunities in later life.   

    5     Evolution has made us lifelong learners, so take advantage of your biology and discover your inner philomath. Who knows what you could achieve?

A．Lots of people remember their school days as being boring or even pointless.

B．Because of this trait, our brains are able to recognize different shapes.

C．If that’s the case, we lose motivation and absorb less information.

D．If you’re also passionate about studying, you might be a philomath.

E．Many students think it is inspiring to learn something about “philomath”.

F．So, don’t let a bad educational experience prevent you learning something new as an adult.

G．This gives us the ability to learn throughout our lives.

5 . The secret to happiness is keeping busy, research has found.Keeping the mind occupied with tasks—no matter how meaningless—keeps off negative emotions, the study found.

However, the bad news is that humans are seemingly born to be lazy in order to save energy, according to Professor Christoper Hsee, a behavioral scientist at Chicago University.

In a study, 98 students were asked to complete two surveys. After they had completed the first, they were made to wait 15 minutes to receive the next one. They were given a choice of either banding in the first survey nearby or at a more distant location they had to walk to. No matter which choice they made, they received a chocolate bar. It turned out that about two-thirds (68 students) chose the lazy option. Those who had taken the walk reported feeling happier than those who had stayed put (呆在原处).

Prof. Hsee concluded that keeping busy helped keep people happy. He said the findings, reported in the journal Psychological Science, might have an effect on policies.

“Governments may increase the happiness of idle citizens by having them build bridges that are actually useless,” he suggested.

As for ordinary people, he advised, “Get up and do something. Anything. Even if there really is no point to what you are doing, you will feel better for it.” He added, “Thinking deeply or engaging in self-reflection can be regarded as keeping busy, too.”

“You do not need to be running around, You just need to be engaged, either physically or mentally.”

1. Keeping busy can make people happy because ________.

A．it can help people get rid of laziness

B．it can make people sleep better

C．it can help get rid of negative emotions

D．it can give people a sense of achievement

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Policies may be influenced by the findings.

B．The officials have taken Prof. Hsee’s advice.

C．In the study half students handed in the first survey nearby.

D．Governments can increase citizens’ happiness by building bridges.

3. What can we infer from the passage?

A．Everybody is born to be happy.

B．Only by keeping working all the time can you gain happiness.

C．Prof. Hsee’s finding was published in Psychological Science.

D．Keeping busy goes against human nature.

4. What is the best title for the passage?

A．What is Happiness

B．The Secret of Happiness: Keeping Busy

C．The Finding of Research: Do What You Like

D．Take Life correctly