1 . HOW BIG should a business team be?It is an enormously important issue for companies, Teams that are too small may lack the skills required to get the job done:teams that are too big may be impossible to co-ordinate.

Robin Dunbar.an anthropologist at Oxford University,has done a lot of work on primate(灵长目）groups.His argument is that the size of the group is linked to the size of the brain.With their large brains,humans can cope with larger bands,A larger social group has many advantages,allowing for greater protection and specialization.

Whereas 150 is sometimes referred to as the"Dunbar number",the academic himself in fact refers to a range of figures.He observes that humans tend to have five intimate friends,15 or so good friends,around 50 social friends and 150-odd acquaintances.

Running a larger network can be difficult.The armed forces have spent more than 1,000 years experimenting with unit size.A Roman centurion(百天长）oversaw 100.The modern American army company has 180 members.Britain's equivalent numbers 120.These are rough estimates,rather than fixed figures.But it is striking that many group activities seem to be close to a Dunbar number. The Special Air Service of Britain has four-man patrols;when your life depends on it,you need to have absolute trust in your colleagues.As a result,such groups are limited in size.

For much of economic history,work was conducted in small units by peasants,tenant farmers and craftsmen.The coming of powered machinery enabled production at a much larger scale,with workers crowded into factories.These days the rise of the service economy means that workers are no longer concentrated in such large groups.

This may not be a bad thing.It was easy for employees in large factories to regard remote company owners as "them"rather than"us".The modern company may settle on a model with a small group of"core"workers and a larger group of contract workers.The result may be more united within the core staff but the non-core staff may be less well treated.The small core teams may work effectively.The big question will be the effect on morale of those outside those teams.

1. What does the first paragraph serve as in the whole article?

A．An example of the topic,

B．An introduction to the topic,

C．A guide to the whole article,

D．No relation to the passage at all.

2. What does the underlined"This"in the last paragraph refer to?

A．Workers crowded into factories

B．'These days the service economy has risen.

C．Workers are no longer concentrated in such large groups.

D．Employees regard company owners as"them"rather than"us".

3. What is probably the best model for a company according to the author?

A．A large group of exact 150 workers.

B．A small group of less than 15 core workers.

C．A small group of peasants and a large group of factory workers.

D．A small group of efficient workers and more contract workers.

4. What is the main purpose of writing the text?

A．To offer companies some useful advice.

B．To introduce us the most suitable size of teams.

C．To arouse the readers' interest in Robin Dunbar.

D．To persuade companies to adopt the"Dunbar number".

2 . As Shanghai prepared to introduce mandatory(强制的) garbage sorting on July 1, games and toys that examined fun ways to spread information about the garbage sorting were to encourage younger people to take action.

A 15-second video of a game went on Chinese social media. In the video, players wearing VR(虚拟) headsets saw four different types of trash can in front of them, and had to throw different types of garbage into the right buckets(桶) to get points. Although it was not the only VR game in the place, visitors lined up around the booth to explore it because of the garbage-sorting theme.

“As a Shanghai, I am in great need of this game. Maybe I won’t need to check how to categorize(分类) each piece of garbage on my phone while going through all my garbage every day if I play this game more often, ” said ZhouZhou, a young Shanghai. But some social media users in Shanghai have complained about the difficulty of sorting different types of garbage.

Wu Xia, founder and CEO of VitrellaCore, the company that created the game, said the idea was to provide an interesting way of learning about garbage sorting. “It’s simple and easy to understand. People can practice sorting garbage without actually going through their trash, and it is a more effective method than using paper materials when training volunteers,” Wu said.

1. What is the purpose of the VR game?

A．Just for fun.

B．Teach students to sort garbage.

C．Do exercise.

D．Keep fit.

2. What do some people complain about?

A．It is too hard to sort garbage.

B．There are too many people lining up.

C．The VR game should be more interesting.

D．There are more ways to use paper materials.

3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the last Paragraph?

A．successful

B．interesting

C．traditional

D．disappointing

4. What is the main idea of the text?

A．Young people like VR games more.

B．Shanghai performs mandatory garbage sorting.

C．Games were used to help young people sort garbage.

D．Learning by playing VR games is practical for the young.

3 . 你是某校高一(1)班李华。最近的体育测试，班上有不少同学不达标。英语课上老师以“Should we care about physical exercise?”为题，组织大家讨论，有人支持，也有人反对。请根据大家讨论的结果，谈谈你的看法。
注意:
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.标题和开头已为你写出，不计入总词数。

Should we care about physical exercise?

More often than not, many senior high students invest nearly all their time on the college entrance examination.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 . Mike was 11. As his birthday was coming up，he _____ his father to buy him a bike, so that he could go to school cycling and not by _____ or relying on his father to _____ him at school, which was _____ a mile away from his home.

On his _____ , seeing a set of books wrapped nicely in his father's hand, though _____ , he thanked his father. Mike's father was _____ as he didn't have enough money to buy a bike.

After a week，when Mike was walking home from school, he saw a boy riding a bike. Mike _____ that the bike was too small for the big boy. _____，the boy ran into a post and fell on the street. Mike rushed to him and ______ him who was his schoolmate Sam.

Mike helped him stand up and provided him with water. _____ Sam was riding the bike fast, his left leg and hands were ______ injured. Mike asked him to sit in a corner and took the bike and rushed to a ______ nearby.

An ambulance （救护车）came and carried Sam to hospital. He then rushed to Sam's home and ______ his parents about the accident.

Sam and his parents thanked Mike for the ______ help. Mike in turn said, “It was all ______ just because I rode Sam's bike. ” He added, “The bike is too small for Sam to ride and that's why he was _______” Mike met Sam every day in hospital until he ______.

Sam got a new bike and he came to know that Mike didn't have the ______ to own a bike. He gave his old bike to Mike and with his parents' ______, Mike accepted the gift.

1.

A．persuaded

B．arranged

C．requested

D．ordered

2.

A．jumping

B．driving

C．walking

D．wandering

3.

A．drop

B．discover

C．hug

D．pick

4.

A．gathered

B．spotted

C．fixed

D．located

5.

A．holiday

B．birthday

C．graduation

D．celebration

6.

A．frightened

B．hopeful

C．unhappy

D．impatient

7.

A．calm

B．grateful

C．puzzled

D．upset

8.

A．felt

B．learned

C．agreed

D．argued

9.

A．Suddenly

B．Eventually

C．Thankfully

D．Actually

10.

A．treated

B．remembered

C．regarded

D．recognized

11.

A．Before

B．Since

C．Unless

D．Though

12.

A．slightly

B．necessarily

C．seriously

D．gently

13.

A．church

B．school

C．hospital

D．shelter

14.

A．complained

B．reminded

C．impressed

D．informed

15.

A．generous

B．pleasant

C．honored

D．limited

16.

A．unlikely

B．possible

C．exciting

D．unbelievable

17.

A．worried

B．injured

C．beat

D．attacked

18.

A．broke out

B．missed out

C．checked out

D．pulled out

19.

A．interest

B．confidence

C．right

D．chance

20.

A．permission

B．admission

C．guidance

D．introduction

5 . In this Pennsylvania city, Pittsburgh is shrinking but getting wealthier. Since 2000, its population has declined by 95,000 while its income per capita (人均) has shot up 24 percent. The trend is taking hold in many other cities, like Buffalo in New York, Providence in Rhode Island and New Orleans.

Some of these areas have created more high-paying jobs in energy, health care or education. Others have managed to reshape their producing industry for a new economy. Higher-paying jobs have a greater effect because they create demand for additional services. "The story in Pittsburgh is very positive, and other areas are looking at it as an example of the transformation that might be possible，”said Guhan Venkatu, who wrote an economic history of the area called “Rust and Renewal” for the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh have helped bring tech jobs and innovation(革新) to the area by sponsoring tech centers that help graduates start companies without moving to Silicon Valley or San Francisco. This has helped keep Pittsburgh's educated young population growing even as the entire population in the city has dropped.

Pittsburgh has more STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) jobs than other shrinking cities, about 80, 000 or 7% of all jobs. STEM jobs add productivity and income growth to the area. Manufacturers of high-tech medical equipment in the Pittsburgh area also have doubled employment in the last 10 years.

However, some experts question whether growing income per capita can really make up for a declining population. According to Patrick Adler, a researcher at the University of Toronto, population loss does matter if it means lower-skilled workers have fled because of a lack of opportunity. What's more, high-paying jobs in education and health care can disappear if the population declines too greatly. So it'd be wise to find ways to increase the population.

1. In what aspect does Pittsburgh set a good example?

A．Transforming old energy into new energy.

B．Creating more well-paid jobs.

C．Prohibiting the manufacturing.

D．Sponsoring higher education.

2. How do some academic institutions help with the local economy?

A．By helping to attract more talents from other areas.

B．By providing much technical support to local companies.

C．By hosting tech centers for local educated graduates.

D．By assisting in employing a large number of educated youths.

3. Why is Patrick Adler mentioned in the last paragraph?

A．To show the disadvantage of a declining population.

B．To suggest increasing high-paying jobs.

C．To raise doubts about growing income per capita.

D．To tell a reason why lower-skilled workers flee.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．How Fast Job Growth Is Related to Population Growth

B．How Less-crowded Cities Plan Their High-tech Economy

C．Why Some Cities Are Losing People but Getting Wealthier

D．Why Some Cities Are Suffering From a Shrinking Population

6 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. How did the servants deal with their earnings in Victorian times?

A．They paid for the housing.

B．They bought food and clothes.

C．They sent them to their families.

2. What was a nurse’s main duty?

A．Cooking meals.

B．Looking after children.

C．Educating children.

3. How did the Victorian upper class parents treat their children actually?

A．Cruelly.

B．Kindly.

C．Strictly.

4. What will the speaker talk about next?

A．Lower class families.

B．Upper class children’s situation.

C．Comparisons between upper and lower classes.

7 . We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.

What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.

Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t

even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂

In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂

Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.

1. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?

A．Addiction to smartphones.

B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places.

C．Absence of communication between strangers.

D．Impatience with slow service.

2. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?

A．Showing good manners.	B．Relating to other people.
C．Focusing on a topic.	D．Making business deals.

3. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?

A．It improves family relationships.	B．It raises people’s confidence.
C．It matters as much as a formal talk.	D．It makes people feel good.

4. What is the best title for the text?

A．Conversation Counts	B．Ways of Making Small Talk
C．Benefits of Small Talk	D．Uncomfortable Silence

8 . Who is your role model? Normally the answer to this question would be anyone around you who you find truly inspiring. It could also be someone like J. K. Rowling or Martin Luther King. Jr. , who have proven to be strong and intelligent people.
However, in today’s world, stars are regarded as role models along with the heroes listed above, despite their intentions or actions. Teens attempt to imitate their actions for two major reasons. Firstly, to be fashionable and accepted by popular culture, and secondly because stars’ actions are so well documented by the media that it seems to grab our attention and turns it to following stars’ lives. Much of the reports about stars is shocking and exhibits bad morals or lifestyles that aren’t right for teenagers. In addition, almost everything stars do is described beyond truth to make a shocking story by taking it to the next level.
However, teens must take responsibility for their actions. We can’t always blame stars for influencing us. Only you have control over yourself and only you choose to do something. Our bodies and actions are in the hands of no one else.
Now, whoever said stars are role models? Whether they choose to be or not, stars set examples as soon as they step into the spotlight. With reporters following and recording every move they make, it is impossible not to be watched and then be imitated. These people influence teens whether or not they want to. Why should someone who doesn’t want to be setting an example set one? So，should we look up to them or to people who are true and good role models? It’s our responsibility as teens to know right from wrong, and it’s time for us to take responsibility for our actions. In doing so，we will lean toward those inspiring people that want to be setting an example, and follow in their steps to be like them.
1. According to the first paragraph, _______ can usually be role models.

A．political leaders

B．wealthy writers

C．people inspiring others

D．people with great intelligence

2. What are the major reasons for the teens to imitate stars?

A．Interest in stars’ life and expectation of getting rich.

B．Motivation for being fashionable and inspiration from popular examples.

C．Intentions to gain acceptance and encouragement from stars’ lifestyle.

D．Desires to be stylish and great influence from the mass media.

3. The author writes the passage mainly to advise the teenagers to _______.

A．have a control over their own bodies and actions

B．be responsible for their own choices and behaviors

C．follow fashionable stars’ steps to be more popular

D．choose right role models according to different reports

4. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.

A．stars have the responsibility for teenagers’ actions

B．not all famous stars choose to influence teenagers

C．teenagers choose those inspiring people as their role models

D．stars set examples immediately they stepped into the spotlight

9 . You might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the world’s temperature. But, rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation (撤离) of an island nation—the citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.

During the 20th century, sea level rose 8—12 inches. As a result, Tuvalu has experienced lowland flooding of salt water which has polluted the country’s drinking water.

Paani Laupepa, a Tuvaluan government official, reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation suffered an unusually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years. Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.

Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, which are a main cause of global warming. “By refusing to sign the agreements the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years,” Laupepa told the BBC.

Tuvalu has asked Australia and New Zealand to allow the gradual move of its people to both countries, Tuvalu is not the only country that is vulnerable (易受影响的) to rising sea levels. Maumoon Gayoon, president of the Maldives, told the United Nations that global warming has made his country of 311,000 an “endangered nation”.

1. The text is mainly about       .

A．rapid changes in earth’s temperature

B．bad effects of global warming

C．moving of a country to a new place

D．reasons for lowland flooding

2. According to scientists t the direct cause of more and fiercer storms is       .

A．greenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nations

B．higher surface water temperatures of the sea

C．continuous global warming

D．rising sea levels

3. Laupepa was not satisfied with the United States because it did not       .

A．agree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions

B．sign an agreement with Tuvalu

C．allow Tuvaluans to move to the US

D．believe the problems facing Tuvalu were real

4. The country whose situation is similar to that of Tuvalu is       .

A．Australia	B．New Zealand
C．the Maldives	D．the United States