3 . Lawmakers in Massachusetts have introduced a law that would ban children in the seventh grade or younger from playing tackle football (冲撞式橄榄球). The Act for No Organized Head Impacts to Schoolchildren, or the NO HITS Act, was introduced last month in an effort to protect children’s heads from blows (重击) while at a particularly fragile age.

The bill would cause fines of up to $ 2,000 for each time the law is broken. People who frequently break the law, or those whose actions cause physical harm, would face bigger fines.

“It’s all about kids’ health and we have a number of studies that say that repeated contacts to the head are very bad for you and the younger that starts, the worse it is,” said Paul, who introduced the bill with House Minority Leader Bradley Jones .

According to a 2017 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers examining 111 brains belonging to former NFL (National Football League) players found the brain disease Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or CTE, in 110 of them. The disease is associated with repeated head injuries, not just concussions (脑震荡), and is generally found in athletes, retired soldiers and others with a history of repetitive brain injuries, according to the Concussion Legacy Foundation, a non-profit organization that works to study, treat and prevent future cases of brain injuries among athletes and other at-risk groups.

Similar laws have been considered elsewhere in the country, including California and Illinois last year, though they didn’t secure enough votes to become law. Those against previously proposed (提议的) bans have argued that adequate progress has been achieved to make the sport safer and that the sport offers too many benefits for children to totally avoid it.

Several former NFL players, who have been directly or indirectly affected by CTE, have argued differently, however. “I made the mistake of starting tackle football at 9 years old. Now, CTE has taken my life away.Youth tackle football is all risk with no reward,” Nick Buoniconti, a former NFL player, told CNN last year.

4 . A new study published this week in the journal Nature Communications has concluded that a 100 percent change to organic food production in England and Wales would actually lead to a great increase in greenhouse gas emissions (排放). In turn, this would contribute to further climate change.

Although organic farming directly pours out fewer emissions than conventional farming — around 20 percent lower for crops and 4 percent for farm animals — it produces especially less food. As to this study’s findings, total organic agriculture in England and Wales would produce 40 percent less food. With less food in the market, the countries would need to increase food imports, which would produce more global greenhouse gas emissions.

Organic farming also increases the amount of absorbing carbon, a process where carbon dioxide (CO2) is “absorbed” out of the atmosphere and captured by plants and stored in the soil. However, even a total change to organic farming would only be equal to a tiny part of the higher emissions from overseas land use.

“We predict a drop in total food production of 40 percent under a fully organic farming process, compared to conventional farming, if we keep to the same national diet,” Dr Adrian Williams, lead author and reader in Agri-Environmental Systems at Cranfield University, said in a statement. “This results from lower crop quantity, because output is limited by a lower supply of nitrogen, which is mainly from other crops or solid waste from cattle on the grassland.”

Nevertheless, it is important to note that organic farming still holds some useful benefits for the environment, such as reducing exposure to chemicals and improving the varieties of creatures. In conclusion, the study suggests that organic farming will continue to play a key role in solving the world’s environmental problems. However, it’s just one part of a much wider solution.

The day began like any other on Goldshore Beach. People were walking, running or simply sitting on the sandy beach, enjoying the warm sea air     1    and the soft wind that brushed their hair. Sabrina was one of the happy tourists     2    until she noticed something odd. “The water was like the bubbles on the top of a beer.” she later explained. “It wasn’t calm and it wasn’t going in and then out. It was just coming in and in and in.” Sabrina had just learnt about tsunamis in a Geography lesson． 她立刻想到了这一点     3    that these were signs of an approaching tsunami.

Sabrina was frightened，but she soon kept her head.她警告她的父母有危险,     4     though at first they just thought she was joking. However, Sabrina was certain that a terrible disaster was on its way     5    and kept asking her parents to talk to a safety officer, To her great relief, the officer immediately realized the coming danger. The beach was rapidly cleared of people, just before the huge waves crashed into the coast.

    1     Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.

One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders.Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.

A second study, looking at nearly 1,000 grown-ups in New Zealand,found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood.     2     但研究结果并不能证明电视是其原因 and don’t rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters(年轻人) may watch lots of TV.

In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest,     4     而那些没有卧室电视但有家用电脑的人得分最高。

While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores,     5     it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn’t have TVs in their bedrooms.

8 . Today, an increasing number of people are always looking at their mobile phones with their heads down. These people are called the “Heads-down Tribe (低头族)”. Are you a heads-down tribe member? Heads-down tribe members now can be seen everywhere.

Using mobile phones may cause accidents and even cost a lot of money. Also, more and more interesting and strange facts happen to the “Heads-down Tribe”. Let’s have a look at an interesting TV report. A man in America kept using his mobile phone on his way home. As a result, he knocked into a big lost bear on the street. When he lifted his eyes from the phone, he was so scared that he turned around and ran away quickly as possible. Another fact is that we can often see people in the restaurant eating face to face but looking at their own mobile phones. It’s strange that they don’t talk to the ones who sit opposite to them during the meal. Some of them even have fun communicating with others on the phone.

Mobile phones are helpful and necessary tools for modern life. Are mobile phones good or bad? It depends on how people use them. Let’s be “healthy” users and try to be the “Heads-up Tribe”.

9 . Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify with (“把……和……联系起来”) a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are_______of that parent. The things parents do and say — and the_______they do and say to them—therefore strongly influence a child's_______.However, parents must consistently behave like the type of_________ they want their child to become.

A parent's actions _______ affect the self-image that a child forms through identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their _______will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observe chiefly_______qualities in their parents will have difficulty seeing positive qualities in themselves. Children may_________their self-image; however, as they become increasingly _______by peers’ group standards before they reach 13.

Isolated events, even dramatic ones, do not necessarily have a permanent __________on a child's behavior. Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can, ________, accept the divorce of their parent's or a parents early ________.But if children feel unloved; they may interpret such events as a sign of rejection or punishment.

In the same way, all children are not influenced ________by toys and games, reading matter, and television programs. ________in the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the ________of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it.