1 . Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online.
Some communities have agreed to share online - geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository (库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects- but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Roval Society in London said in its report Science as an Open Enterprise that scientists need to shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.
Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他主义的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. I he most successful sharers-those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often-get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5, 700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate- change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions, ” she says. “It’s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible”
Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.
1. What do many researchers generally accept?| A．It is necessary to protect scientists’ patents. |
| B．Repositories are essential to scientific research. |
| C．Open data sharing promotes scientific advancement. |
| D．Open data sharing is most important to medical science. |
| A．The fear of massive copying. |
| B．The belief that data is private intellectual property. |
| C．The lack of a research culture. |
| D．The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it. |
| A．The ever-growing demand for big data. |
| B．The changing attitude of journals and funders. |
| C．The advantage of digital technology. |
| D．The trend of social and economic development. |
| A．is becoming increasingly popular | B．benefits shares and users alike |
| C．makes researchers successful | D．saves both money and labor |
Globalisation has profoundly transformed the world. Changes in the sphere of economics, politics, and society have a great impact on our daily lives. Besides the numerous opportunities that globalisation
This round table will feature experts from different regions of the world,
In particular, the round table will analyse the changes in the structure and functions of the family
| A．To encourage its people to retire later. | B．To import more goods from abroad. |
| C．To give its people additional social welfare. | D．To change the long-held Western prejudice. |
| A．Small companies. | B．Industrialists. | C．Trade unions. | D．Young people. |
| A．They know how to spend money. | B．They are forced out of their class. |
| C．The hold the same belief as the retired. | D．They support their hardworking parents. |
4 . COLUMBIA, Mo. – Jilly Santos set three successive alarms on her phone, skipped breakfast, and hastily packed everything while her father drove. But last year she rarely made it to the doors of Rock Bridge High School by the first bell, at 7:50 a.m.
Then she heard that the school board was about to make the day start even earlier, at 7:20 a.m.
“I think if that happens,” recalled Jilly, 17. “I will have to drop out of school. And I will complain to the end!”
The nearly 20-year movement to start high schools later has recently gained momentum as hundreds of schools in dozens of districts across the country have adopted later school starting time.
These schools have referred to the accumulating research results on the adolescent body clock. Evidence suggests that later high school starts have widespread benefits. Researchers at the University of Minnesota found that the later a school’s start time, the better off the students were on many measures, including mental health, car crash rates, attendance and, in some schools, grades and standardized test scores.
“The research was not a randomized controlled trial. Its methods were practical and findings were promising. Even schools with limited resources can make this one policy change with what appears to be benefits for their students,” Dr. Elizabeth Miller said.
Researchers have found that during adolescence, as hormones(荷尔蒙) rise and the brain develops, teenagers who regularly sleep eight to nine hours a night are less likely to be tardy, get in fights or sustain athletic injuries. Sleeping well can also help to stop their tendency toward uncontrolled or risky decision-making.
During adolescence, teenagers have a later release of the “sleep” hormone melatonin(褪黑素), which means they tend not to feel sleepy until around 11 p.m. This explains mainly for their late bed time and naturally leads to late rising time. Other minor factors include the presence of electronic devices, which excites the brain and slows the onset of sleep. The Minnesota study noted that 88 percent of the students kept a cellphone in their bedroom.
But many parents object to shifting the start of the day later. They say doing so makes sports practices end late, jeopardizes student jobs and bites into time for homework.
At heart, though, experts say, the resistance is driven by mistrust about the primacy of sleep. “It’s still a badge of honor to get five hours of sleep,” said Dr. Judith Owens. “It supposedly means you’re working harder, and that’s a good thing. So there has to be a cultural shift around sleep.”
1. Why do many schools decide to start school later?| A．Because they respond to complaints from students like Jilly. |
| B．Because some students dropped out of school because of early start. |
| C．Because they find later start brings various benefits. |
| D．Because they would like to copy the way of other schools in districts. |
| A．According to research, all the students experience higher academic grades because of later school starts. |
| B．Enough sleep helps to prevent teenagers from making willful decisions. |
| C．Later school starts are not suitable for schools with limited resources. |
| D．The leading reason for students’ sleeping late is the existence of mobile phones. |
| A．harms |
| B．introduces |
| C．frees |
| D．exchanges |
| A．they tend to object to all decisions schools make |
| B．they are afraid that homework time will be cut |
| C．they fear students will get poor test results |
| D．they doubt the advantages of enough sleep |
5 . The Power of the Press
In modern countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned. However, this freedom can easily be abused.
The story of a poor family that acquired fame and fortune overnight, dramatically illustrates the power of the press. The family lived in Aberdeen, a small town of 23, 000 inhabitants in South Dakota.
The rise to fame was swift.
| A．Television cameras and newspapers carried the news to everyone in the country. |
| B．Stories about people often attract far more public attention than imagined. |
| C．It is hard not to read news about the miserable things happening in the world. |
| D．They were more than happy to make full use of their names. |
| E．It would never again be possible for them to lead normal lives. |
| F．As the parents had five children, life was an endless struggle against poverty. |
6 . As Christmas approached, the price of turkey went wild. It didn’t rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it crash. It just started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price.
It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us.
They have enough means to do so: the huge data tracks you leave behind whenever you place something in your online shopping cart with top data scientists capable of turning the information into useful price strategies, and what one tech economist calls “the ability to experiment on a scale that’s unimaginable in the history of economics.”
In result, not coincidentally, normal pricing practices—an advertised discount off the “list price,” two for the price of one, or simply “everyday low prices” are giving way to far more crazy strategies.
“In the Internet era, I don’t think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. The price of a can of soda in a vending machine can now vary with the temperature outside. The price of the headphones may depend on how budget-conscious your web history shows you to be. The price may even be affected by the price of the mobile phone you use for item search. For shoppers, that means price—not the one offered to you right now, but the one offered to you 20 minutes from now, or the one offered to me, or to your neighbor—may become an increasingly unknowable thing. “There used to be one price for something,” Dolan notes. Now the true price of pumpkin-pie spice is subject to a level of uncertainty.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?| A．When holidays come, prices are usually increased. |
| B．The right price to sellers is the one to bring biggest profits. |
| C．The right price is fixed although it’s hard to find it. |
| D．To buy a pie, customers have to become an expert in economy. |
| A．reflect on the effect of the Internet |
| B．analyze customers’ online buying history for price strategy |
| C．double check the existence of the purchase |
| D．find out online where the lowest prices are |
| A．The instant mood of the buyer at the time of purchase. |
| B．The necessity level of the item at the time of purchase. |
| C．The extent to which the buyer is sensitive to the price. |
| D．The price of the facility the buyer uses to look for the item. |
| A．The advantages of online shopping over traditional shopping. |
| B．Measures sellers take to maximize profits. |
| C．The analysis of pricing mechanism. |
| D．The battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age. |
