A.The truck’s over speeding. |
B.The truck’s heavy load. |
C.The terrible weather. |
D.The pedestrians’ carelessness. |
A.The relocation of several factories. |
B.The company’s pay offer. |
C.The high rate of unemployment. |
D.The union’s demand. |
A.They will increase by a third this year. |
B.They have been rising in the last five years. |
C.The average price of a house in the UK is £255,900 |
D.They make it extremely difficult for those on the property ladder to buy a house. |
2 . Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship.
Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It’s convenient, it’s fast, and it allows making contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking, websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It’s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online.
Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage.
Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies” as they do about their “offline” friends.
People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the ‘add on’ in any relationship.”
A.In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support. |
B.When you’re not face to face, it’s much easier to deceive people. |
C.Many people would agree. |
D.Researchers also found that it’s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friend. |
E.Online friends may be of help in many ways. |
F.Online friends, or virtual friends, are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet. |
3 . History has not yet
Whatever we
Historian Neil Howe sees
A.remarked | B.convinced | C.guaranteed | D.revealed |
A.numbers | B.houses | C.accommodates | D.contains |
A.peers | B.adolescents | C.folks | D.guys |
A.over | B.without | C.besides | D.beyond |
A.diagnosed | B.dismissed | C.labeled | D.coined |
A.end up | B.consider about | C.appeal for | D.approve of |
A.distribution force | B.purchasing power | C.global view | D.unique outlooks |
A.vivid | B.instructive | C.instant | D.profitable |
A.feed up with | B.put up with | C.make up for | D.identify with |
A.faking | B.revising | C.illustrating | D.maintaining |
A.supervising | B.forming | C.representing | D.promoting |
A.parallels | B.contrasts | C.comparisons | D.reservations |
A.because | B.although | C.while | D.when |
A.emphasis | B.generation | C.intensity | D.cultivation |
A.routes | B.schemes | C.names | D.definitions |
4 . I was among 31 murderers sent to the Louisiana State Penitentiary in 1962 to be executed or imprisoned for life. We were unskilled, impulsive and uneducated misfits, mostly black, who had done dumb, impulsive things — failures, rejects from the larger society. Now a generation has passed since I’ve been here, and everything is much the same as I found it. The vast majority of us are handed over to suffer and die here so politicians can sell the illusion that permanently putting people to prison will make society safe.
Getting tough has always been a “silver bullet”, a quick FIX for the crime and violence that society fears. Each year in Louisiana — where excess is a way of life — law-makers have tried to outdo each other in legislating harsher penalties. The only thing to do with criminals, they say, is get tougher. In the process, the state boasts one of the highest look-up rates in the country, and imposes the most severe penalties in the nation.
If getting tough resulted in public safety, Louisiana citizens would be the safest in the nation. They’re not. Louisiana has the highest murder rate among states. Prison, like the police and the courts, has a minimal impact on crime because it is a response after the fact, it doesn’t work. The idea of punishing the few to discourage the many is fake because potential criminals either think they’re not going to get caught or they’re so psychologically distressed that they don’t care. about the consequences of their actions. The threatened punishment, regardless of its severity, is never a factor in the equation.
Prison has a role in public safety, but it is not a cure-all. The only effective way to contain crime is for society to work to prevent the criminal act in the first place. Our youngsters must be taught to respect humanity of others and to handle dispute without violence. It is essential to educate and equip them with the skills to pursue their life ambitions in a meaningful way. As a community, we must address the adverse life circumstances that breed criminality. These things are not quick, and they are not easy, but they are effective. Politicians think that’s too hard a sell. They want something they can point to at re-election time. So the drumbeat goes on for more police, more prisons, more of the same failed policies.
Ever see a dog chase its own tail?
1. Which of the following situations is not regarded as a “silver bullet”?A.Employing a roundabout way to help students correct their mistakes. |
B.Setting up refuges to shelter the homeless war victims. |
C.Training farmers with farming techniques to help them out of poverty. |
D.Adopting effective policies to save economy from worsening. |
A.they are proud and boastful of high lock-up rates | B.they fail to address the root of the problem |
C.they don’t treat people of different races alike | D.they give priority to precaution over punishment |
A.turn over a new leaf. | B.get a kick out of it |
C.an eye for an eye. | D.prevention is better than cure |
A.Prisons — A Tool for Election. | B.Why Prisons Don’t Work |
C.An Appeal from a Murderer. | D.Why Society Is a Safer Place |
Drawing High Schoolers to Science
A group of educators and plant scientists at Michigan State University (MSU) are connecting to reshape science classes. And this particular partnership isn’t just helping students get a better understanding of biology; it’s turning them into young scientists, even if only during class.
It doesn’t take long to see that the curriculum born from this collaboration makes for a much different experience than the traditional high school biology classes. For starters, it has a comic book for a workbook. Secondly, students are getting their hands dirty growing plants. MSU researchers are also studying the plant. The high schoolers are asking some of the same questions professional plant scientists are trying to answer.
“We’re getting them engaged with science in science practices, not just having them learn about science,” says Hildah Makori, a researcher at MSU. “They learn to look at things differently. That’s a life-time impact.”
The main characters of the comic book are a pair of young field scientists. They invite the high school students to help with plant research inspired by a real project at MSU. By growing their own plants, the students learn about genetics, evolution and how these interact with the environment.
The team has seen how this practice could keep students in the driver’s seat of their learning. To help the characters out, students set up different experiments to test their ideas.
The program is working. “This comic personally gave me a click that sparked my curiosity,” reads one student’s survey response. “The comic book put a lot of creative atmosphere into the story instead of just looking at words, instead of just listening to the teacher talk,” says another.
Teachers also had positive reviews. In a survey, one remarked how helpful it was to have the comic to refer to. The students could see the comic’s characters doing something in the lab and realize, “I’m able to do this right here at my table and I can do the same thing,” the teacher says.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 . How Young Americans Spend Their Money
Young people have always puzzled their elders. Today’s youngsters are no different; indeed, they are confusing. They have thin wallets and expensive tastes. They prize convenience and a social conscience. They want shopping to be personal.
Their absolute numbers are impressive. The European Union is home to nearly 125m people between the ages of ten (the youngest will become consumers in the next few years) and 34. America has another 110m of these Gen-Zs and millennials, a third of the population. The annual spending of households headed by American Gen-Zs and millennials hit $2.7trn in 2021, around 30% of the total.
The light-speed online world also appears to have lowered tolerances for long delivery times. A study by Salesforce, a business-software giant, found that Gen-Z Americans, who prefer to use their phones to pay for shopping, are the likeliest of all age groups to want their groceries delivered within an hour.
The Internet has also changed how the young discover brands. Print, billboard or TV advertising has given way to social media. Instagram, part of Meta’s empire, and TikTok, a Chinese-owned app, are where the young look for inspiration, particularly for goods where looks matter such as fashion, beauty and sportswear.
A.They desire genuineness while constantly immersed in a digital world. |
B.TikTok’s user-generated videos can lead even tiny brands to speedy viral fame. |
C.The lifestyle of the “moonlight clan” has made many young people feel overwhelmed. |
D.Easy access to means of spreading payments may encourage spending money like water. |
E.A heightened expectation of convenience comes with being raised in the age of Amazon. |
F.These “always-on purchasers” often shift from a weekly shop to quicker fixes of everything from fashion to furniture. |
7 . In the roughly 250 years since the Industrial Revolution, the world’s population, like its wealth, has exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could shrink for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to optimism in some quarters, the baby bust (婴儿荒) hangs over the future of the world economy.
Whatever some environmentalists say, a shrinking population creates problems. The world is not close to full and the economic difficulties resulting from fewer young people are many. The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners. Retired folk draw on the output of the working-aged, either through the state, which requests taxes on workers to pay public pensions, or by cashing in savings to buy goods and services or because relatives provide care unpaid. But whereas the rich world currently has around three people between 20 and 64 years old for everyone over 65, by 2050 it will have less than two. The implications are higher taxes, later retirements, lower real returns for savers and, possibly, government budget crises.
Low proportion of workers to pensioners are only one problem resulting from collapsing fertility. Younger people have more of what psychologists call “fluid intelligence”, the ability to think creatively so as to solve problems in entirely new ways. This youthful energy adds to the accumulated knowledge of older workers. It also brings change. Patents filed by the youngest inventors are much more likely to cover breakthrough innovations. Older countries and their young people are less enterprising and less comfortable taking risks. Because the old benefit less than the young when economies grow, they have proved less keen on pro-growth policies, especially housebuilding. Creative destruction is likely to be rarer in ageing societies, restricting productivity growth in ways that compound into an enormous missed opportunity.
Eventually, therefore, the world will have to make do with fewer youngsters—and perhaps with a shrinking population. With that in mind, recent advances in AI could not have come at a better time. A productive AI economy might find it easy to support a greater number of retired people. Eventually AI may be able to generate ideas by itself, reducing the need for human intelligence. Combined with robotics, AI may also make caring for the elderly less labour-intensive. Such innovations will certainly be in high demand.
If technology does allow humanity to overcome the baby bust, it will fit the historical pattern. Unexpected productivity advances meant that demographic time-bombs (人口定时炸弹) failed to explode. Fewer babies mean less human genius. But that might be a problem human genius can fix.
1. What can be learned from the first paragraph?A.The collapsing fertility rate is to blame for the shrinking population. |
B.Black Death marked the shrinking number of people for the first time. |
C.Industrial Revolution weakened the increase of the world’s population. |
D.The public are familiar with the extent and the influence of the baby bust. |
A.Close relatives have refused to take care of the old without being paid. |
B.The output of the working-aged which the old can draw on is shrinking. |
C.The old have cashed in savings to cover expenses of goods and services. |
D.The government has requested taxes on younger employees to pay pensions. |
A.Because older workers boast more accumulated knowledge. |
B.Because the old benefit less than the young in creative destruction. |
C.Because collapsing fertility results in low proportion of workers to pensioners. |
D.Because restricting productivity growth compounds into a missed opportunity. |
A.The Old Pensioners Make a Comeback | B.Artificial Intelligence Leads to a Bright Future |
C.The Measures to Overcome the Baby Bust | D.The Effect of the Baby Bust on Economy |
8 . I’m pretty good at sticking with things even when they get hard. Bad relationships, unpleasant workplaces,
After all, isn’t every success story littered with
All of us are constantly making tricky choices between going further into familiar territory and
Of course, this doesn’t mean you shouldn’t quit something just because you’ve put a lot of time into it. Economists call this the sunk cost fallacy (谬误): People are more likely to
If you don’t get energy out of doing something, it can be a(n)
In fact, dogged persistence in the face of energy-sucking disappointment can
But the good news is that people can learn to pay better attention to these moments when they’re happening and make
A.engaging | B.demanding | C.inevitable | D.leisure |
A.worsen | B.occur | C.improve | D.continue |
A.frustrations | B.determinations | C.attempts | D.inspirations |
A.Therefore | B.Additionally | C.For example | D.However |
A.amaze | B.scare | C.distress | D.compliment |
A.breaking up | B.looking up | C.standing up | D.backing up |
A.venture | B.specialize | C.explore | D.relax |
A.benefit from | B.approve of | C.stick with | D.withdraw from |
A.evaluate | B.avoid | C.overlook | D.cut |
A.human | B.crazy | C.sensible | D.tricky |
A.indication | B.desire | C.occasion | D.recognition |
A.accomplish | B.upgrade | C.modify | D.maintain |
A.prevent | B.trigger | C.relieve | D.contract |
A.researches | B.choices | C.changes | D.resolutions |
A.shortcut | B.barrier | C.guarantee | D.pathway |
9 . Ideally, childhood is a time of growth and learning, preparing for adulthood and also having fun. But for many children around the world, this time is cut short when they are forced to work, sometimes in dangerous conditions.
As of 2020, around 160 million children worked as child laborers, which means that one child in 10 was a child laborer.
About 79 million children are engaged in hazardous child labor. Sometimes this means the work itself is dangerous because of heavy machinery or exposure to
The primary goal of the World Day Against Child Labor is raising
Child labor and poverty often go hand in hand as parents feel removing their children from school is necessary to earn money for their survival. So, measures meant to fight
Child labor is harmful to children and to communities, since it prevents children from growing into healthy, educated citizens who could make a(n)
A.In addition | B.As a result | C.Above all | D.After all |
A.recognize | B.discover | C.choose | D.consider |
A.Nevertheless | B.Therefore | C.Overall | D.Moreover |
A.distinguished | B.transferred | C.ranged | D.evolved |
A.evaluated | B.classified | C.combined | D.separated |
A.sincerely | B.negatively | C.positively | D.morally |
A.chemicals | B.lights | C.wastes | D.gases |
A.harm | B.pollution | C.exposure | D.danger |
A.value | B.awareness | C.status | D.significance |
A.take place | B.take care | C.take over | D.take action |
A.options | B.questions | C.elements | D.examples |
A.promoting | B.urging | C.challenging | D.adjusting |
A.disease | B.disaster | C.survival | D.poverty |
A.available | B.sustainable | C.accessible | D.advisable |
A.choice | B.difference | C.effort | D.decision |
Japan’s robot revolution in senior care
Japan’s artificial intelligence expertise is transforming the elder care industry, with
The rapidly graying population
The long-standing shortage of professional care workers has encouraged the Japanese government