1 . When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as “the loveless people.” After two years of observations, he decided that they reflected humanity’s basic instincts (本能): cheat, thievery, and pitilessness. But when Athena Aktipis and her colleagues from the Human Generosity Project took a deeper look, they identified a community that shared everything. “Turnbull had visited Uganda during a disastrous famine (饥荒). All he saw is what happens when people are starving.” says Aktipis. But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.
Aktipis believes that altruism is more common and beneficial than evolutionary social science has long thought. “It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.” she says. By studying the unique, selfless practices that helped nine communities across the world to continue to exist, the experts from the Project are looking to show that we are indeed capable of widespread cooperation.
The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.
Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone. Take market-based insurance in the United States as an example: It’s priced based on individual risk factors such as health histories and where people live, which means millions of Americans can’t afford it. But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.
1. What did Turnbull think of the Ik people?A.Heartless. | B.Helpful. | C.Restless. | D.Generous. |
A.Trying to be strong and tough to survive. |
B.Making full use of the surrounding resources. |
C.Being devoted to themselves or their relatives. |
D.Caring about the needs and happiness of others. |
A.Friendships guarantee a well-being life. | B.Folks assist each other to get support. |
C.Cooperation is a good and natural instinct. | D.People tend to provide resources for free. |
A.By designing a policy for public health. |
B.By monitoring individual health histories. |
C.By creating a system against collective hardship. |
D.By lowering insurance prices for individual victims. |
2 . When evaluating people on various psychological tests, psychologists often distinguish between markers of absolute performance and relative performance. Absolute performance reflects the raw measurement of something, like the time it takes to run a mile. Relative performance is how a person rates in relation to their peers, as in what place a runner gets in a race.
The standards we use to evaluate ourselves are almost always relative, as we compare ourselves to our peers and the standards that are most familiar to us. For instance, in my private practice, I have one patient I will call “Omar” who is dependent on social services and makes less than $30,000 per year at his job. While this level of poverty would lead most people to wake up depressed each day, Omar is one of the most optimistic and appreciative individuals I know. Why? Because most of his closest peers — his siblings and friends from childhood — have lives far worse than his.
In contrast to Omar, I have another patient, an adolescent I’ll call “Lena”, whose family has property over $5 million. Lena, however, lives in an upper-class neighborhood where her family is at the lower end of the income level. Though Lena's family allows her to enjoy possessions and experiences that less than I percent of her peers across the world can share, she consistently feels “less than”. Why? Because Lena doesn't compare herself to the rest of the world; This is too abstract an exercise for her, as it would be for most of us.
Accordingly, whether a psychologist is psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral, therapy (疗法) with individuals struggling with situational or psychological depression aims to solve the problems associated with basing one's self-worth on comparisons with others. Psychologists try to help people focus on personal growth around the achievement of concrete goals in line with their values. independent of the achievement of others. For all of us, defining these goals, especially during Periods of emotional calm, can go a long way in helping us to avoid the trap of relativity that often leads to situational and psychological depression.
1. What is the function of Paragraph 1?A.To show the significance of evaluating people. |
B.To motivate readers to study psychological tests. |
C.To help people perform well in psychological tests. |
D.To provide some background information on evaluating people. |
A.To measure different achievement. |
B.To introduce the standards to evaluate people. |
C.To explain relative performance with examples. |
D.To contrast relative performance and absolute performance. |
A.Setting goals in life is essential for everyone. |
B.It's important to avoid unhealthy comparisons. |
C.A sense of achievement can affect one's happiness, |
D.Improving self-worth can help get rid of depression. |
A.Happiness: Is it all relative? |
B.Self-worth: Is it measurable? |
C.Self-worth: Is it based on efforts? |
D.Happiness: Is it associated with achievement? |
3 . As we know, mental health is in a worse situation among young people globally.
The average daily screen time for 8-to-18-year-olds was 7.5 hours in the U. S. ten years ago. As the study states, “This greatly goes above guidelines of 2 hours per day.” Now the condition is worse by the fact that so many schools are using technology to teach classes. Indeed some screen time can promote connections and enable tasks to be done more efficiently.
The study authors suggest that green time could act as a cure for screen time, essentially balancing its negative effects.
A.Teenagers urgently need more green time. |
B.Screen-based technology makes kids less attentive. |
C.The frequency of depression and anxiety is increasing. |
D.There are many more ways, nevertheless , in which it is harmful. |
E.It suggests more outdoor projects like building parks could be fundamental. |
F.Paying constant directed attention to screens can raise directed attention tiredness. |
G.This study highlights that nature may currently be a potential public health resource. |
1. Who was hurt in the animal attack?
A.Only the dog. |
B.Only the snake. |
C.Both the man and the dog. |
A.0.25 miles. | B.10 miles. | C.15 miles. |
A.In Canada. | B.In Australia. | C.In Kansas USA. |
A.Two days. | B.Seven days. | C.Fifteen days. |
A.To report a car accident. |
B.To report her car being stolen. |
C.To get some information about cars. |
A“Gap Year”is a period of time when a student takes a break before going to university.It is often spent travelling or working.
Face Challenges and Have Fun.A gap year is not only a time to take a vacation,but also a time to face challenges.Gap year students usually work,volunteer or take service projects.You have to learn how to get along in the real world.This process isn’t always easy,but it is an important part of growing up.
Save Money and Improve Your College Admission Chances.There’s a common thought that gap years are only for rich students,but it isn’t true.
Imagine an admission officer trying to admit only one between two students.Both of them are excellent and have high grades.However,one student has much practical experience or has volunteered in his vacation.
A.Make full preparations for the gap year. |
B.Only in this way can you enjoy life and have fun. |
C.Actually,taking a gap year can save your money. |
D.Who do you think the admission officer will choose? |
E.It can give young people useful learning experiences and new skills. |
F.Challenges always come first before fun. |
G.Learn about the World and Yourself. |