1 . There’s a long line of research showing that when we make contact with people who’re socially different from us, we tend to feel less prejudice towards them. According to the contact theory, contact seems to work best for reducing prejudice when the contact is generally positive. But what happens when the conditions for interpersonal contact may not be ideal? For example, what if you feel threatened in some way by a group of people you see as “the other”?
Researchers from Ghent University in Belgium analyzed the results of 34 studies surveying nearly 64,000 people from 19 countries to see how intergroup contact affected their viewpoints about “outgroups” under conflict situations. For example, people were asked to report on how they viewed other groups. The researchers also had data from the surveys that measured attitudes towards outgroup members, such as how positive people felt towards them and how much they could trust them.
After analyzing the data, the researchers found strong feelings of threat were associated with more negative views of outgroup members. But having contact with outgroup members still reduced prejudice just as much under those unfavorable conditions. To Jasper Van Assche, the lead author of the paper, this suggests contact theory holds even under conflict situations.
Van Assche says that contact is so powerful probably because just being around people from an outgroup affects how we think and feel about them. As we become accustomed to even the me re presence of people from other groups, that can reduce our anxiety, especially if the encounters are positive—and that can lead to warmer feelings. Also, contact can enhance our knowledge about others’ customs and practices, so that they don’t seem so foreign or “other” to us.
Van Assche hopes his research can lead people to see the benefits of integrating the spaces where they live. This could be done through top-down methods, such as the government requiring school integration, but also from the bottom up. For example, suggests Van Assche, communities could create low-cost, low-key events that bring people together, helping to promote tolerance.
1. Why are the questions raised in paragraph 1?A.To inspire readers’ imagination. | B.To argue against the contact theory. |
C.To show the author’s curiosity. | D.To offer the purpose of the study. |
A.It improves people’s adaptive capacity. | B.It increases people’s desire to socialize. |
C.It promotes each other’s understanding. | D.It makes people emotionally stable. |
A.Expanding communities on the whole. |
B.Increasing chances of positive contact. |
C.Strengthening interactions between schools. |
D.Offering equal education opportunities to diverse groups. |
A.People involved in equal contact are generally positive | B.Opportunities for intergroup contact are on the rise |
C.The interventions based on contact are unhealthy | D.Interpersonal contact can help people connect |
1. What does the woman probably want the man to do?
A.Do some cleaning. | B.Be careful in his job. | C.Take out the trash in turn. |
A.Mother and son. | B.Brother and sister. | C.Manager and new worker. |
内容包括:(1)提出换房要求,
(2)阐述具体原因。
注意:字数80左右。
Dear Sir or Madam,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
4 . Everyone thinks they're great listeners. But the truth is that hearing isn’t necessarily listening, nor is it necessarily listening well. Listening is an art as well as a basic life skill that we are encouraged to practise and master.
●Don't interrupt
●Practice active listening.
To understand better in communication, you can first practice active listening. The art of listening isn't simply about staying quiet 100% of the time, it's also about asking questions, which are for clarification or for further explanation, so that you can fully understand what the speaker is telling you.
●
About 60-75% of our communication is accomplished without speaking. In order to know whether to encourage the speaker, or to open yourself more, it's essential to know what the person's body is saying. Do they display signs of discomfort? Are they cautious about you? Their body language tells a lot.
●Create a suitable environment.
It can be difficult to listen to another person when the TV is screaming, your phone is buzzing and there are thousands of cars passing by.
A.Listen to non-verbal communication. |
B.Let the person speak without interruption. |
C.Listen without forming responses in your mind. |
D.Here's how to bring the vital life skill into your daily existence. |
E.Additionally, it's important to hold back your negative judgments. |
F.Another great way to show your understanding is to respond by nodding. |
G.When you remove the distractions and find a quiet place it’s easier to listen attentively. |
5 . Quite often, no matter how good you are, your success is dependent on how other people such as your boss, peers, clients and customers perceive your communication and responses. So when you come to people who make the key difference between helping you or holding you back, how can you influence and persuade them to give what you want?
Psychological researches repeatedly show that people generally make up their minds on whether to help or hinder you based on whether they like you or not. It is human nature. What can you do about it? You need to make a good impression on others to ensure they like you and give you what you want. Research again shows that people give opportunities to the people they like best. In fact, most people actually make up their minds about other people in the first five minutes or less of meeting someone. These are called first impressions or “moments of truth” .
Once they make up their minds, they tend to be very reluctant to change their opinions. You hardly have room for error when making that first impression on a new acquaintance. Therefore, whether you are applying for a job, going for an interview, attending a meeting with your boss or peers, or serving a customer, you need to prepare yourself mentally and rehearse how you will manage the first few minutes of your interaction. This includes doing your homework to gather information and researching all possible issues so you will know how to address them should the other party raise them unexpectedly.
It is amazing how poorly some people can come across at the beginning. The worst thing is that they do not even seem to realize it. Having good qualifications and an excellent work performance does not excuse candidates from trying to make a good first impression.
1. What is the passage mainly about?A.Persuading people to like you. | B.People making the key difference. |
C.Winning strategies for a job interview. | D.Making a good first impression. |
A.They make quick decisions. |
B.They change their opinions frequently. |
C.They prefer people who are experienced. |
D.They pay much attention to good qualifications. |
A.Show your friendliness and confidence. |
B.Ask the interviewers for homework to do. |
C.Know as much as possible about the situation. |
D.Do something unexpected to impress interviewers. |
A.Examples of how good first impressions help people succeed. |
B.Some practical advice to help make a good first impression. |
C.Questions that might be asked by the interviewers. |
D.How to win over people who don't like you at first. |
As a child, Obaida Omar
“Children did not create this conflict,
A.In a house near Nick’s. |
B.In a downtown house. |
C.In a house on Main Street. |
8 . An urgent call came into Jim's bar. A newly married woman, having spent the afternoon at the bar, couldn't find her
With the
Jim
Jim called Peter to meet him at the docks. Deep in conversation, he
He sought the ring in the strong current, but over 2 hours passed with no
“Most people would have given the video to the police, and he chose to
A.wallet | B.ring | C.video | D.cash |
A.or | B.and | C.besides | D.but |
A.imagination | B.determination | C.assumption | D.appreciation |
A.going through | B.searching for | C.sorting out | D.cutting out |
A.swept | B.stole | C.slipped | D.sank |
A.published | B.posted | C.advertised | D.stuck |
A.praise | B.punish | C.annoy | D.assess |
A.resisted | B.rejected | C.admitted | D.promised |
A.relaxed | B.drunk | C.slept | D.eaten |
A.common | B.genuine | C.fake | D.precious |
A.informed | B.imagined | C.guessed | D.learnt |
A.criminal | B.victim | C.beggar | D.customer |
A.charges | B.challenges | C.debts | D.appeals |
A.reflected | B.echoed | C.faded | D.struck |
A.scene | B.symbol | C.signal | D.sign |
A.explore | B.seek | C.search | D.paddle |
A.Fortunately | B.Gradually | C.Eagerly | D.Obviously |
A.spread | B.erupted | C.applauded | D.raised |
A.reliable | B.annoyed | C.grateful | D.depressed |
A.educate | B.inspire | C.shape | D.help |
9 . The joy of giving is real, according to a study. Research presented in the Journal of the Association for Psychological Science shows that those who give gifts are happier — and happier for longer — than those who receive gifts.
Researchers conducted two studies last year. In one,participants were given $5 every day for five days and were required to spend the money on the same thing each day. Some participants were required to spend the money on themselves, while others were required to give to make a donation to charity. In a second experiment that was done online, participants played 10 rounds of a word puzzle game and each won 5 cents per round, which they could keep or donate.
In both experiments, participants reported their overall happiness. Those who donated their money showed that their happiness declined at a much slower rate than those who kept the money or spent it on themselves.
The researchers note that when people focus on an outcome, they can easily compare outcomes, which may diminish their sensitivity to each experience. When people focus on an action, they may focus less on comparison and instead experience each act of giving as a unique happiness-inducing event. Further analyses ruled out some potential alternative explanations, such as the possibility that participants who gave to others had to think longer and harder about what to give, which could promote higher happiness.
The results are especially interesting because according to one of the researchers, Ed O’Brien of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, they conflict with past research. “If you want to sustain happiness over time, past research tells us that we need to take a break from what were currently consuming and experience something new. Our research reveals that the kind of thing may matter more than assumed: Repeated giving, even in identical ways to identical other,may continue to feel relatively fresh and relatively pleasurable the more we do it,” O’Brien said.
So for all the holiday gifts you give this season, expect to feel happy and know that feeling is going to stick around for a while.
1. What’s the function of the first paragraph?A.To lead to the topic. |
B.To highlight the importance of the study. |
C.To recommend a journal. |
D.To persuade people to give gifts regularly. |
A.To challenge the past research. |
B.To rule out different experimental data. |
C.To show the benefits of donation. |
D.To make the conclusion more convincing. |
A.Develop. | B.Show. | C.Reduce. | D.Lack. |
A.Gift giving will result in longer happiness than receiving. |
B.Thinking longer and harder on giving will promote higher happiness. |
C.The feeling of happiness will disappear soon if people just give holiday gifts. |
D.Taking a break from what were currently consuming will sustain happiness. |
Not long ago, I was on a flight when the fellow in front of me moved his seat backward suddenly.
He didn't look and didn't think,either. And he
Pay attention!