1 . PRACTITIONERS
| Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. | James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. |
| Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. | Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. |
| A．Doing teaching jobs. | B．Being hired as physicians. |
| C．Performing surgery. | D．Being banned from medicine. |
| A．She wrote a book. | B．She went through trials. |
| C．She worked as a dentist. | D．She had formal education. |
| A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania. | B．Tan Yunxian. |
| C．James Barry. | D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler. |
2 . Deveza’s mother was on the waiting list for a kidney transplant (肾移植). Deveza wanted to donate one of her own kidneys, but she was turned down because she might develop the same health problems as her mother in later life.
Deveza came up with a different plan. In 2017, she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors, exchanging half her liver (肝) for someone else’s kidney. A case study of the organ exchange has now been published. And the surgeons who were involved are calling for more exchanges like this. “You can imagine the enormous impact for mixed organ extended chains,” says John Roberts, a surgeon at University of California, San Francisco.
Most organ transplants come from people who have died, but there are never enough organs. As most people can manage with just one of their kidneys, people with kidney failure are increasingly receiving donated organs from relatives or friends. If someone wants to donate but their immune (免疫的) system is unsuited, doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative.
When Deveza was looking into such chains, she came across research describing the idea of trading a kidney with the only other organ generally taken from a living donor—the liver. She suggested the idea to many hospitals before she finally contacted Roberts, who saw the idea’s potential.
Deveza was assessed to be in good enough health to donate part of her liver. It then took 18 months to find Annie Simmons, in Idaho, whose liver was unsuitable to use as a transplant for her sister with severe liver disease. They drew up a plan: Simmons would donate a kidney to Deveza’s mother, and in return, Deveza would give half her liver to Simmons’ sister. The hospital gave the go-ahead and the four operations took place on the same day successfully.
The team hopes that the ground-breaking case will inspire more people to consider doing the same. Roberts says that direct exchanges involving two donors could enable up to thirty extra living donor liver transplants a year—a ten per cent increase.
1. What did Deveza do to save her mother?| A．Carrying out a case study. |
| B．Calling for kidney donations. |
| C．Launching a medical experiment. |
| D．Trading half her liver for a kidney. |
| A．Patients’ hopelessness to survive. |
| B．Several sources of organ donation. |
| C．Current situation of organ transplants. |
| D．Doctors’ efforts to improve organ transplants. |
| A．It discouraged organ donation. |
| B．It brought two families together. |
| C．It met with widespread approval. |
| D．It produced a desirable outcome. |
| A．My Liver, Your Kidney |
| B．Mother’s Love, Our Happiness |
| C．Organ Transplant: Blessing for Patients |
| D．Organ Exchange: Major Medical Advances |
Ancient Chinese healing methods have been spreading along the Silk Road for over two millennia. But the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is reported
Currently celebrating
In Budapest, Traditional Chinese Medicine Center of Hungary (Qihuang Center) provides a ray of hope for patients, many of
After
4 . A new medicine developed in China has been recently introduced, which is expected to significantly enhance the prevention and control of malaria in Africa. Compared with the previous medicines, this latest medicine is not only more efficient but also easier to administer. Its introduction is anticipated to result in a sharp decline in the number of deaths caused by malaria.
In case studies conducted in Kenya, second-generation artesunate(青蒿琥酯) for injection, developed by Chinese medicine company Fosun Pharma, has proved highly effective in treating severe malaria in children, Kenyan health experts said.
In addition, the new drug—produced under the brand name Argesun—can be easier and faster to prepare, and safer to inject, than its previous generation, which was produced under the name Artesun, and which was widely used in dozens of countries for more than10 years.
“We think that this is a very good development. It is really going to cut our rate of deaths and also the complications caused by malaria,” Walter Otieno said, a Kenyan Medical researcher.
Argesun was pre-qualified by the World Health Organization in June and has been registered in 18 African countries, according to Fosun Pharma.
Both Artesun and Argesun are innovative antimalarial drugs based on artemisinin (青蒿素), which was discovered by Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou in the 1970s,and which has made significant contributions to malaria control and prevention in the world during the past two decades.
Wu Yifang, chairman of Fosun Pharma, said the company recognized the strategic value of antimalarial drugs based on artemisinin and restructured its sub company Guilin Pharmaceutical in 2004 to start introducing the drugs to the international market. Its first antimalarial drug entered Africa in 2007,and the company launched a training program for front-line medical workers in Africa in 2014.
“To win the battle against malaria, we have to get rid of it worldwide,” Wu said, adding that the company is pushing to transform its antimalarial drugs from “made in China and used in Africa” to “made in Africa and used in Africa”, in order to increase the accessibility and affordability of the drugs there.
1. What is the advantage of Argesun compared with Artesun?| A．It is originally based on artemisinin. | B．It is user-friendly for doctors and nurses. |
| C．It has been widely used for over 20 years. | D．It is much cheaper for patients in Africa. |
| A．To enter the African market. | B．To train the doctors and nurses in Africa. |
| C．To spread its antimalarial drugs worldwide. | D．To learn the strategic value of antimalarial drugs. |
| A．By producing the drugs in Africa. | B．By lowering the price of the drugs. |
| C．By winning the battle against malaria. | D．By changing the way of transportation. |
| A．Africa Sees New Hope in Malaria Fight | B．Artemisinin Meets A New Advancement |
| C．African People Are Suffering from Malaria | D．Chinese Medicine Company Hit Aftican Market |
5 . Prihardinni, from the Indonesian city of Surabaya, is amazed at how traditional Chinese medicine (TCM中医) has continued to develop since she began studying it a year ago.
When Prihardinni was 10 years old, she suffered from serious headaches. So, her mother took her to see a TCM doctor near their home. The doctor checked her pulse, examined her face and tongue, and wrote down a prescription(处方). After several weeks of drinking Chinese medicine, she didn’t have headaches any more.
“His medical skills were like magic,” Prihardinni recalled. The experience of being cured by TCM impressed her and it encouraged her to choose TCM study. Now, she is a freshman at the Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, which has thousands of years of history and widespread international popularity.
“TCM is becoming more and more popular worldwide and has become an important cultural symbol(象征) for China,” said Zhao Zhongting, a professor at the Gansu University of Chinese Medicine. “Many foreign students face difficulties in fully understanding the meaning and function of TCM medical terms because of cultural and language barriers,” Zhao said, adding that in order to help them, the university offers various training courses for freshmen, including chemistry, language study and Chinese medicine culture. Activities between local and international students, lectures and study tours are also provided to help students better understand the courses.
“More people in my country are becoming interested in TCM. Many social media(媒体) are sharing their experiences with Chinese medicine,” Prihardinni said, adding that she plans to return to her hometown after graduation and open a TCM clinic(诊所). “I want to tell my parents and friends that Chinese medicine is also a good and believable choice.”
1. Why did Prihardinni choose TCM study?| A．She is very interested in TCM. | B．TCM is a magical medical science. |
| C．She was forced by her mother. | D．TCM made her get well from illness. |
| A．Too many courses. | B．Chinese medicine cultures. |
| C．Difficult medical terms. | D．Cultural and language barriers. |
| A．Learning TCM has become a fashion. |
| B．TCM will be accepted by more foreigners. |
| C．Pribardinni plans to be a TCM doctor in China. |
| D．Many people want to share their learning experiences. |
| A．TCM Has Become More and More Important. |
| B．TCM Is a Well-accepted Course in Universities. |
| C．TCM Becomes Popular among Foreign Students. |
| D．TCM Is Hard for Foreign Students to Understand. |
I am a specially trained clown (小丑) who works as part of a programme known as “hospital clowning”. As I approach the hospital
Although it’s the doctors and
请先阅读几所大学所提供的健康医疗教育项目：
| A. |  | Argosy University Our postgraduate degree level education provides the knowledge and tools to create successful and meaningful careers. |
| B. |  | Kaplan University Our university offers comprehensive training in health care to prepare you for a career in the health sciences, corrections, or private security. |
| C. |  | Everest College Through our online degree program, you can gain the necessary skills to join the health care industry. It is designed to prepare you for a career in the health sciences. |
| D. |  | Sanford-Brown College SBC is dedicated to providing innovative programs that enable students the opportunity to gain professional skills by practicing in our health care center before they work. |
| E. |  | Rasmussen College The Healthcare Management Bachelor of Science degree at our College will give students the education and practical experience they need to work as administrators. |
| F. |  | Brown Mackie University The Health & nursing programs are designed to provide students with the education needed to enter health and nursing careers. |
下面是几位需要医学教育的学生，请为他们选择适合他们就读的大学：
1. My family immigrated when I was still studying my healthcare courses in a local medical college. So I had to give up my bachelor degree and moved with them. Now I hope to find a college that offers the degree education on the Internet and realize my dream of being a doctor.
2. When I looked after my mother in the hospital ten years ago, I was moved by what the nurses did. They devoted themselves into helping every patient get through the hard time. Since then, I have been determined to take up nursing career, and now, the time is coming.
3. When studying in the university, my professor often told me that it was impossible for me to get every problem solved just with the knowledge in textbooks. It makes me realize I should look for a health care center where I can learn practical skills and gain more experience.
4. After graduating from a medical college and get my bachelor degree five years ago, I became a doctor in a big local health care center. However, I find modern medical research developing fairly rapidly, so I hope to start my postgraduate degree study in a university and serve the people here better.
5. Being a retired doctor, my father always hopes that I can continue his career. I know a doctor can help lots of people, but in fact, my favorite job is managing, no matter in a company, an institution or an organization. So maybe learning how to manage a hospital can satisfy both of us.
