Deveza’s mother was on the waiting list for a kidney transplant (肾移植). Deveza wanted to donate one of her own kidneys, but she was turned down because she might develop the same health problems as her mother in later life.
Deveza came up with a different plan. In 2017, she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors, exchanging half her liver (肝) for someone else’s kidney. A case study of the organ exchange has now been published. And the surgeons who were involved are calling for more exchanges like this. “You can imagine the enormous impact for mixed organ extended chains,” says John Roberts, a surgeon at University of California, San Francisco.
Most organ transplants come from people who have died, but there are never enough organs. As most people can manage with just one of their kidneys, people with kidney failure are increasingly receiving donated organs from relatives or friends. If someone wants to donate but their immune (免疫的) system is unsuited, doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative.
When Deveza was looking into such chains, she came across research describing the idea of trading a kidney with the only other organ generally taken from a living donor—the liver. She suggested the idea to many hospitals before she finally contacted Roberts, who saw the idea’s potential.
Deveza was assessed to be in good enough health to donate part of her liver. It then took 18 months to find Annie Simmons, in Idaho, whose liver was unsuitable to use as a transplant for her sister with severe liver disease. They drew up a plan: Simmons would donate a kidney to Deveza’s mother, and in return, Deveza would give half her liver to Simmons’ sister. The hospital gave the go-ahead and the four operations took place on the same day successfully.
The team hopes that the ground-breaking case will inspire more people to consider doing the same. Roberts says that direct exchanges involving two donors could enable up to thirty extra living donor liver transplants a year—a ten per cent increase.
1. What did Deveza do to save her mother?A.Carrying out a case study. |
B.Calling for kidney donations. |
C.Launching a medical experiment. |
D.Trading half her liver for a kidney. |
A.Patients’ hopelessness to survive. |
B.Several sources of organ donation. |
C.Current situation of organ transplants. |
D.Doctors’ efforts to improve organ transplants. |
A.It discouraged organ donation. |
B.It brought two families together. |
C.It met with widespread approval. |
D.It produced a desirable outcome. |
A.My Liver, Your Kidney |
B.Mother’s Love, Our Happiness |
C.Organ Transplant: Blessing for Patients |
D.Organ Exchange: Major Medical Advances |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术) and first aid are related topics. It could be said that first aid is the more general of the two, and training in first aid might include instructions and practice on how to respond to a variety of medical emergencies that could be causing danger to life or to a part of a person’s body. One such medical emergency could be the stopping of breathing or heartbeat, and the right response, in this case, might be to perform CPR. Thus, CPR can be seen as a type of first-aid response.
There can be differences in the amount of first-aid training people learn, and courses can sometimes be broken down into emergency and standard training. Standard training is actually the more extensive of the two, and would include teaching and learning how to handle a variety of medical situations like bites from insects or animals, broken bones, poisoning, childbirth, and care of wounds. Emergency first aid tends to be limited to the teaching of CPR, how to handle choking emergencies, and instructions on wound care for heavy bleeding.
CPR and first aid may be taught together or are sometimes taken as separate courses. People may need a whole day of practice or longer before getting CPR certification, which should be obtained from recognized agencies like the Red Cross. The big difference between CPR and first aid, in terms of taking classes, is that CPR focuses only on learning to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation and recognize those situations as soon as possible in which it should be performed, while first-aid classes may teach this too, but they will teach in the broader context of how people need to respond to lots of different injuries or illness.
The issue of CPR and first aid may get confusing when people are asked to get training in one or both of these. Some people may be asked to take a first-aid course and have CPR training. Those who need more extensive training in standard first aid certainly won’t satisfy this need by only taking a CPR course. Those confused about what training they need should get this issue clear with the person (usually an employer) requesting the training.
Being able to respond first in a medical emergency usually means needing to know CPR, but other knowledge could be just as necessary. For instance, how to stop uncontrollable bleeding or how to handle an episode of anaphylactic shock (过敏性休克) could be vital too.
1. What is the purpose of performing CPR?A.To be qualified as a first-aid trainer. | B.To make a person’s heart start beating again. |
C.To deal with all the medical emergencies. | D.To gain practical knowledge of first aid. |
A.CPR works faster when someone breaks his leg. |
B.CPR includes most courses of emergency training. |
C.Emergency first aid is more useful than CPR. |
D.Standard training deals with more medical cases. |
A.When practicing a whole day in Red Cross. |
B.After saving someone with CPR. |
C.After finishing the CPR training. |
D.When getting instructions from recognized agencies. |
A.A book review. | B.An academic report. |
C.A health magazine. | D.A maths exam paper. |
【推荐2】It has been around for centuries, but up until very recently, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wasn’t fully accepted abroad. Proof of this can be found in The Treatment (《刮痧》), a 2001 film that tells the story of a Chinese man in the US who’s accused of abuse after he uses guasha, a form of TCM treatment, to cure his grandson’s disease.
During the last 10 years or so, however, TCM has been getting increasingly popular all over the world. A report released by the State Council Information Office on Dec. 6 says this style of health care, which includes different forms like herbal medicine and exercise, has spread to 183 countries and regions.
“We have set up 10 TCM centers outside China, and all of them are popular among locals,” Wang Guoqiang, head of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said at a news conference on Dec 6. “Governments of 86 countries and regions have signed agreements with the Chinese government on TCM corporation.”
One of the reasons behind the growing popularity of TCM is the increase of scientific research into it. And after Tu Youyou-the Chinese scientist who discovered the anti-malaria (抗疟疾) drug qinghaosu (青蒿素)-won the Nobel Prize last year, TCM became even more famous internationally.
However, all these achievements in TCM don’t mean that it’s problem-free. Over the years, TCM has faced challenges in being able to prove that it has certain effects.
Some researchers have suggested TCM should be more exact and work together with Western medicine.
“Bringing together with Western medicine and TCM, rather than being in competition, is where the potential for great effects is,” said Bernhard Schwartlander, the China representative of the World Health Organization.
1. The film The Treatment is mentioned in the first paragraph is to .A.introduce the film to readers |
B.show TCM is increasingly popular |
C.arouse readers’ interest in Western medicine |
D.prove that TCM is not fully accepted in western countries |
A.TCM is not exact in curing diseases |
B.10 TCM centers abroad are all set up by locals |
C.86 countries have cooperated with China on TCM |
D.Tu Youyou’s success contributes to the popularity of TCM |
A.combine western medicine |
B.face no challenge at all |
C.give an exact description of its effects |
D.complete with western medicine |
A.A report on TCM |
B.Opinions about TCM |
C.TCM & Western Medicine |
D.Traditional healing spreads |
【推荐3】AIDS may be one of the most undesirable diseases in the world. Luckily, there is now hope for AIDS patients.
According to a recent paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Chinese scientists have successfully used CRISPR technology – a method of gene editing – to treat a patient with HIV. While it may not have cured the patient fully, it still represents a huge step forward in fighting the disease.
The patient was a 27-year-old Chinese man who was diagnosed with both AIDS and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (急性淋巴细胞白血病), a type of blood cancer. Despite his hopeless situation, doctors offered him a glimmer of hope: a bone marrow (骨髓) transplant to treat his cancer and an experimental treatment for his HIV.
They used this opportunity to edit the DNA in bone marrow stem cells from a donor before transplanting the cells into the patient.
Specifically, the treatment involved using the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 to delete a gene known as CCR5, which encodes a protein that HIV uses to get inside human cells. Without the gene, HIV is unable to infiltrate cells.
Talking about the gene, lead scientist Deng Hongkui told CNN, “After being edited, the cells — and the blood cells they produce — have the ability to resist HIV infection.”
Nineteen months after the treatment, the patient’s leukemia was in complete remission (缓解) and donor cells without CCR5 remained, according to the research paper.
Though the transplant did not cure the man’s HIV, it still showed the effectiveness of gene-editing technology, as there was no indication of any unintended genetic alterations – a major concern with past gene therapy experiments.
Amesh Adalja, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Centre for Health Security in the United States, who was not involved in the study, praised the treatment.
“They did a very innovative experiment. It was safe,” he told Live Science. “It should be viewed as a success.”
Deng believes gene-editing technology could “bring a new dawn” to blood-related diseases such as AIDS and sickle cell anemia (镰刀形细胞性贫血).
“Thanks to this new technology, the goal of a functional cure for AIDS is getting closer and closer,” he said.
1. The technology of CRISPR is to ________.A.transplant cells | B.encode genes |
C.remove proteins | D.produce cells |
A.CCR5 and other genes in the patient’s cells were changed. |
B.The number of cells infected by HIV decreased. |
C.Some of the patient’s blood cells could resist HIV infection. |
D.HIV no longer existed in the patient’s cells. |
A.It provided an innovative way to cure AIDS patients. |
B.It pointed out the problems of gene therapy. |
C.It could offer a safe treatment for blood-related diseases. |
D.It’s the first experiment to use gene-editing technology to treat AIDS. |
A.A New Treatment to Patients | B.New Hope for HIV Patients |
C.A New Medical Invention | D.New Technology, New Hope |
【推荐1】In 2012, Miyashita, a scientist at Meiji University in Tokyo, developed an “electric fork” that was originally intended to improve the flavor of hospital food—the idea being to make food taste saltier, for instance, without actually adding salt.
That was an early step for Miyashita, who had bigger plans. His new invention, the Taste Display, could reproduce any flavor one might care to think of.
The human tongue has separate receptors for detecting sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Miyashita's device has five different gels (胶体),each containing an electrolyte solution (电解液) that causes the tongue to sense one of those flavors. Each gel is connected to a separate electric current, and the taste associated with that gel weakens when the current is turned up. By adjusting the current strengths for the gels, which can be done automatically, the taste of a chocolate milkshake or a sirloin steak or any other desired treat can be experienced through the use of this device.
The Taste Display initially took the form of a rod (棒) that resembles a hand —held microphone with a surface that s designed to be licked (舔) rather than talked into. But Miyashita already has an early version of a mask, which affords a user continuous contact with the flavor giving surface, as part of a virtual reality system. He also has developed a "lickable screen" that can be incorporated onto a cell phone, allowing a person to watch cooking shows while tasting various samples.
Miyashita is exploring a new way of taste recording perhaps through the use of a device that can be dipped into food, giving quick readouts of the flavors. A portable “salt meter” like this already exists, and it could be adapted to measure other flavors too. “Within 10 years,” he predicts, “we should be able to instantly record and reproduce taste information.”
1. What is Miyashita's new invention?A.A salt—meter. | B.An electric fork. |
C.A flavor reproducer. | D.An electrolyte solution. |
A.How the new invention works. |
B.What it is like to experience desired flavors. |
C.What are the functions of the human tongue. |
D.How to adjust the current strengths for the gels. |
A.The mask. | B.The lickable screen. |
C.The microphone like rod. | D.The taste producing gels. |
A.He used to be a doctor. |
B.He has a special taste for food. |
C.He enjoys watching cooking shows. |
D.He is an ambitious and creative person. |
【推荐2】You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther.
Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”.
The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos, head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is…going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.”
All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. People may be unable ever to be free of their online past, says Mr Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost.
Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified”, he says. And rightly.
1. What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2?A.It is turned down by large companies. | B.It boosts the development of education. |
C.It is becoming increasingly acceptable. | D.It highlights the wisdom of employers. |
A.They reject the red flags. | B.They have to submit to it. |
C.They will charge the company. | D.They postpone carrying it out. |
A.Companies are tolerant of it. | B.Its influence is hard to erase. |
C.It should be under strict laws. | D.University students are free to do it. |
A.Big Employer Is Watching You |
B.Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening |
C.Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner |
D.Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment |
【推荐3】Last night, my husband and I just celebrated our wedding anniversary. Recalling the fun we had on our wedding day as well as some of the funny accidents was a great way to get us close to each other and amp up the romance of the night.
Still, I could imagine my friends rolling their eyes at that idea. Engaging in nostalgia (怀旧) seemed embarrassing for them and they even worried it could make me regretful. After all, when you look back on the early days of your romance, you might feel bittersweet after realizing how much has changed.
But recent research suggests that feeling nostalgic about significant past events from your relationship can actually benefit it—whether you recall those alone or with your partner.
In one study, some participants in a romantic relationship were prompted to write about a nostalgic experience they’d had with their partner or to listen to a song that made them feel nostalgic about their relationship, while others wrote about an ordinary experience they’d had or a song they liked. Afterwards, those participants told the researchers how close and committed they felt to their partner, how satisfied they were with their relationship, and how much passionate love they felt for their partner.
After comparing the groups, the researchers found that those experiencing nostalgia felt closer, more committed and more loving toward their partner, and were more satisfied with their overall relationship. This was true even when accounting for other emotions, like happiness, which might affect our views of others.
“Our conclusion is that experiencing nostalgia temporarily enhances perceptions of romantic relationship quality,” says lead researcher Nicholas Evans of the University of Manitoba in Canada.
While past studies have found that feeling nostalgic brings meaning to one’s life and helps people feel more socially connected, the use of nostalgia in romantic relationships, specifically, had not been tested before. Evans believes this is an untapped resource for couples.
“Now, we have proved that nostalgia definitely could be one of many tools to help enhance romantic relationships,” he says.
1. What does the underlined phrase “amp up” in the first paragraph mean?A.Assess. | B.Recall. | C.Increase. | D.Ruin. |
A.Engaging in it is beneficial. | B.It hardly affects relationships. |
C.Experiencing it is very natural. | D.It may lead to unpleasant results. |
A.Sing with their partners. | B.Comment on each other. |
C.Listen to nostalgic songs. | D.Report their feelings. |
A.It still needs to be improved. | B.It is of pioneering significance. |
C.Its result confirms couples’ belief. | D.Its conclusion has been tested before. |