CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术) and first aid are related topics. It could be said that first aid is the more general of the two, and training in first aid might include instructions and practice on how to respond to a variety of medical emergencies that could be causing danger to life or to a part of a person’s body. One such medical emergency could be the stopping of breathing or heartbeat, and the right response, in this case, might be to perform CPR. Thus, CPR can be seen as a type of first-aid response.
There can be differences in the amount of first-aid training people learn, and courses can sometimes be broken down into emergency and standard training. Standard training is actually the more extensive of the two, and would include teaching and learning how to handle a variety of medical situations like bites from insects or animals, broken bones, poisoning, childbirth, and care of wounds. Emergency first aid tends to be limited to the teaching of CPR, how to handle choking emergencies, and instructions on wound care for heavy bleeding.
CPR and first aid may be taught together or are sometimes taken as separate courses. People may need a whole day of practice or longer before getting CPR certification, which should be obtained from recognized agencies like the Red Cross. The big difference between CPR and first aid, in terms of taking classes, is that CPR focuses only on learning to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation and recognize those situations as soon as possible in which it should be performed, while first-aid classes may teach this too, but they will teach in the broader context of how people need to respond to lots of different injuries or illness.
The issue of CPR and first aid may get confusing when people are asked to get training in one or both of these. Some people may be asked to take a first-aid course and have CPR training. Those who need more extensive training in standard first aid certainly won’t satisfy this need by only taking a CPR course. Those confused about what training they need should get this issue clear with the person (usually an employer) requesting the training.
Being able to respond first in a medical emergency usually means needing to know CPR, but other knowledge could be just as necessary. For instance, how to stop uncontrollable bleeding or how to handle an episode of anaphylactic shock (过敏性休克) could be vital too.
1. What is the purpose of performing CPR?| A．To be qualified as a first-aid trainer. | B．To make a person’s heart start beating again. |
| C．To deal with all the medical emergencies. | D．To gain practical knowledge of first aid. |
| A．CPR works faster when someone breaks his leg. |
| B．CPR includes most courses of emergency training. |
| C．Emergency first aid is more useful than CPR. |
| D．Standard training deals with more medical cases. |
| A．When practicing a whole day in Red Cross. |
| B．After saving someone with CPR. |
| C．After finishing the CPR training. |
| D．When getting instructions from recognized agencies. |
| A．A book review. | B．An academic report. |
| C．A health magazine. | D．A maths exam paper. |
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【推荐1】The Children and Adolescents' Mental Health Alliance was recently established in Shanghai, aiming to help youths manage their emotions and stress levels when dealing with others.
Sixty-three hospitals and some teachers in charge of students' mental health from educational institutions in Shanghai and the provinces of Zhejiang，Jiangsu and Anhui became members of the alliance.
Zhang Jinsong, director of the clinical psychology department, said there are currently fewer than 20 doctors specializing in children's mental problems in Shanghai.
Within the alliance, experts have teamed up to design mental health intervention (干预) plans for children in kindergartens， primary schools and middle schools in line with their ages. Alliance will hold online and offline lectures to train the students.
| A．In fact, most hospitals lack experience in children and adolescents. |
| B．They will learn how to recognize and understand their own emotions. |
| C．Compared with children, adolescents are easier to face mental problems. |
| D．The major cases of emotional issues are from children aged between 7 and 12. |
| E．They hope to discover children's psychological difficulties as early as possible. |
| F．It is guessed that the COVID- 19 pandemic is a main reason for mental problems. |
| G．Experts claim that there is a rising need for children to have psychological support. |
【推荐2】Google is my doctor
When illustrator Scott Adams lost his voice, his doctors were confused.
Adams is one of an increasing number of people who have started using the Internet to get health advice. The advantages are numerous, starting of course with the obvious convenience of getting a diagnosis from the comfort of your own home.
Diagnosing minor medical problems from information on the Internet can also have an impact on society’s medical costs. You can compare insect bites with Internet pictures, ask what type they are and whether they are dangerous without wasting your busy doctor’s precious time.
However, it must be said that diagnosis is tricky, and comparing your rash(疹子) with an online photo may lead you down the wrong path.
In conclusion, the Internet is a good starting point in diagnosing your health problems, but you should always consult your doctor before acting on anything you find there.
| A．On a professional level, there is no way one doctor car be an expert in everything. |
| B．It was not until he turned to the Internet that he managed to identify his condition. |
| C．This condition was the very one that made him unable to speak |
| D．Appearance provides only ten percent of the information needed to make a diagnosis. |
| E．Do not underestimate the value of talking to real people — doctors and telephone helplines will help you put what you read into context. |
| F．To sum up, if your doctor refuses to talk to you, the Internet will give you a better solution. |
【推荐3】With hospitals and nursing homes tending to thousands of patients every year accidents can and do happen. These incidents whether they are through carelessness or otherwise, can leave patients feeling powerless. That’s not the case.
“There is growing public awareness. People are feeling they have more rights and they have tools in hand to make a complaint,” said Ralph Montano, spokesman for the California Department of Public Health, which regulates hospitals and long-term care facilities in the state.
That department received more than 6000 complaints about hospitals in 2007; in the most recent year statistics are available. The complaints can be about mixed-up lab results, medicine errors, foreign objects left in a patient during surgery or a host of other topic.
Similarly, the California department of Aging received 43,000 nursing home complaints in 2014. Some said patient abuse or neglect of patients; others reported missing items. And some commented on the quality of the food.
But finding the channels through them to put forward a complaint can be tiring and time consumption. Many consumers simply don’t bother, and some become lost in the system. Whether the complaint is against a hospital or a long-term care facility, the process is similar—and many people can help, including the facility’s staff, insurance company representatives and state regulators.
If you want to make a complaint while in the hospital, Patti Harvey, vice president of quality and patient care services for Kaiser Permanente in Southern California, recommends talking with the bedside nurse. If that doesn’t work, you can talk with other people higher in the chain of command, up to the hospital administrator. If the problem isn’t still taken care of—say you disagree with your treatment plan or have a problem with your doctor—member service offices at each hospital can help address your concerns.
1. Why are there more complaints from patients?| A．Because there are more departments to deal with complaints. |
| B．Because in the hospital there are more accidents than before. |
| C．Because it’s convenient for people to put forward complaints. |
| D．Because hospitals have more and more rights. |
| A．complaints are bad for a long-term care facility |
| B．few accidents happen |
| C．many complaints are lost |
| D．it takes time to make a complaint |
| A．to solve problems with the hospital quickly |
| B．something about Patti Harvey |
| C．how to make complaints in the hospital |
| D．we should say we disagree with the treatment plan |
| A．Jack—a representative of an insurance company. |
| B．Peter—a medical officer from the government. |
| C．Rudy—a headmaster of a medical university. |
| D．Tom—a teacher of a medical school. |
【推荐1】Lifelong learning is good for you
It is impossible for everyone to have access to additional formal education.
Educational level influences your work performance. In 2015 some researchers found people with a bachelor’s degree can mean much more than those just with a high school degree.
Our ability to learn is a keystone of human motivation. Have you ever sat in a quiet place and finished a great novel? Do you remember the feelings of accomplishment when you solve a challenging task?
There are many reasons why we should continue learning. Lifelong learning isn’t just an economic necessity but a physical ,emotional ,and social one. We live in an age full of opportunities for learning.
| A．Once you catch them, you will get one of the most rewarding things. |
| B．Have you managed to conduct difficult experiments or create something new? |
| C．Educational input determines your competitiveness. |
| D．Open-mindedness and curiosity are beneficial to your career. |
| E．In 2014 a reported said that 50% of jobs would become unnecessary by 2025 due to technological development. |
| F．But it would obviously contribute to the special qualities and uniqueness of each one. |
| G．Fortunately, many educational resources have made it easier for people to develop a habit of lifelong learning. |
【推荐2】Whether you run a race or bounce a basketball, you do it because it’s fun. Some scientists claim that play is a natural instinct, just like sleep.
Sports come in many shapes and sizes. Both team and individual sports have advantages and disadvantages. In a team sport such as soccer, you’re part of a group, struggling to be a winning team.
There’s little doubt about the value of sports. We learn how to negotiate plans, settle disagreements, and monitor our attitude. Since organized sports are a hands-on, minds-on learning process, they stimulate our imagination, curiosity, and creativity.
In a perfect world, everyone would have fun playing sports.
Playing sports doesn’t mean you have to play on a school team. Few people have what it takes to be a professional athlete. But your school basketball coach or gymnastics teacher has found a way to make play their work. In doing so, they’ve found a profession best suited to their abilities.
| A．But that’s not always the case. |
| B．Regardless of your sport, play to have fun. |
| C．Sports may have begun as a form of survival. |
| D．The skills we learn can be applied to school and work. |
| E．This might explain why sports are likely to be as old as humanity. |
| F．There are rules to obey, skills to learn, and strategies to carry out. |
| G．You must learn to get along with your teammates and share responsibility. |
【推荐3】It’s clear that hiking—and any other physical activity—can reduce stress and anxiety. But there’s something about being in nature that may expand those effects. Scientists are beginning to find evidence that being in nature greatly influences our brains and our behavior, helping us to reduce anxiety and stress, and increasing our creativity and our ability to connect with other people.
In a recent experiment in Japan, participants were asked to walk either in a forest or in a city center (taking walks of equal length and difficulty) while having their heart rate variability (可变性), heart rate and blood pressure measured. The participants also filled out questionnaires (问卷) about their moods, stress levels and other psychological (心理的) measures.
Results showed that those who walked in forests had apparently (明显地) lower heart rates and higher heart rate variability, indicating (显示) more relaxation and less stress, and reported better moods and less anxiety, than those who walked in city settings. The researchers concluded that there’s something about being in nature that has a helpful effect on stress reduction, above and beyond what exercise alone might have produced.
In another study, researchers in Finland found that city people who walked for as little as 20 minutes through a city park or woodland reported more stress relief than those who walked in a city center. The reasons for this effect are unclear, but scientists believe that we evolve (进化) to be more relaxed in natural spaces.
These studies provide evidence that being in natural spaces—or even just looking out of a window onto a natural scene—somehow helps us become calm and relieves (缓解) stress.
1. What does the underlined word “expand” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?| A．Increase. | B．Reduce. | C．Spread. | D．Improve. |
| A．By studying a previous report. |
| B．By doing experiments in the lab. |
| C．By experimenting and comparing results. |
| D．By studying examples and their causes. |
| A．Doing exercise in the gym. | B．Walking in a city park. |
| C．Wandering along city streets. | D．Watching a classic movie. |
| A．Stress comes from city settings. | B．Being in nature can reduce stress. |
| C．Why nature can relieve our stress. | D．How we are affected by natural scenes. |
【推荐1】London has a new unusual magazine. But it is not printed on paper. Everyone who has a television can receive it because it is on TV.
In order to read this magazine you have to have a decoder. Each page of it is numbered, so you only have to dial the number to choose which subject you want to read about. There is a wide choice — everything is included from cooking to the latest sports news.
If you want to read the news, the first thing you have to do is to turn to the index page which has an easy-to-remember page number, 100 for example. The news is on pages 101 to 109 so you push out the numbers and the news appears written across your screen. Perhaps you want to go out in the afternoon, so you press 181, and a brightly coloured weather map appears on the screen. But the weather is terrible so you decide to go shopping and dial 162 for a list of the week’s best bargains. But should you drive or take the train? To answer that question you only have to press 189 for the traffic report. It is very simple to use. But probably the best thing about the service is that it is being updated all the time. Journalists type new material directly onto the screen and whole pages of the magazine can be replaced in minutes.
London already has three services. One is transmitted (输送) by ITV while the other two on BBC. BBC engineers do not think that their idea will ever replace books and newspapers because they can be taken with you everywhere. But many people would agree that this is a breakthrough as great as the invention of printing, which could change not just our reading habits but our way of life thoroughly.
1. What can we know from the passage?| A．The magazine can be bought at any local newsstand. |
| B．Most of the postmen in London will lose their jobs some day. |
| C．The readers can get all kinds of information staying at home. |
| D．Everyone can read this magazine if they have a television. |
| A．Decoder. | B．Magazine. | C．Subject. | D．Program. |
| A．Help people find out the sum of certain figures. |
| B．Help people go shopping and have other entertainment. |
| C．Receive some special TV program for entertainment. |
| D．Read the information transmitted by TV signals. |
| A．A magazine printed and published in London. |
| B．A popular TV program about magazines. |
| C．An up-to-date way of keeping up to date. |
| D．A technology helping people to communicate. |
【推荐2】Speaking, writing and reading are necessary to everyday life, where language is the major tool for expression and communication. Studying how people use language — what words they unconsciously choose and combine — can help us better understand ourselves and why we behave the way we do.
Linguists try to decide what is unique and universal about the language we use, how it is learned and the ways it changes over time. They consider language as a cultural, social and psychological phenomenon.
“Understanding why and how languages differ tells us about the range of what is human,” said Dan Jurafsky, chair of the Department of Linguistics at Stanford.
Standford linguists and psychologists study how language is interpreted by people. Even the slightest differences in language use may show the biased beliefs of the speakers, according to research.
For example, a relatively harmless sentence, such as “girls are as good as boys at math,” because of the statement’s grammatical structure, suggests that being good at math is more common or natural for boys than girls, the researchers said. Language can play a big role in how we and others see the world, and linguists work to discover how words and phrases can influence us, unknowingly.
People speak about 7,000 languages worldwide. Although there is a lot in common among languages, each one is unique. Jurafsky said it’s important to study languages besides our own and how they develop over time because it can help linguists understand what lies at the foundation of humans’ unique way of communicating with one another.
Linguists analyze how certain speech patterns influence particular behaviors, including how language can influence people’s buying decisions. Jurafsky said. “Understanding what different groups of people say and why is the first step in determining how we can help bring people together.”
1. How does the author start the text?| A．By giving examples. | B．By raising questions. |
| C．By referring to studies. | D．By stating the main points. |
| A．Misunderstanding is common in daily life. |
| B．People should avoid using harmful sentences. |
| C．Speech patterns can show people’s biased beliefs. |
| D．Some grammatical structures are difficult to understand. |
| A．Researching languages. | B．Learning from linguists. |
| C．Developing good learning habits. | D．Communicating with others frequently. |
| A．To show the power of language. | B．To give an introduction to Jurafsky. |
| C．To teach readers how to learn a language. | D．To call on readers to learn more languages. |
One theory is that wolves howl to bend better together. It’s almost as if howling together helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a song together. But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harington, a professor who studies wolf behavior.
Indeed, there have been times when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a exhorts, and the next, quarreling anions each other. It appears that usually the lowest-tanking menthes of the pack may actually be “punished” for Joining in the chorus at times. So is howling a way to strengthen a social bond or just a way to reconfirm status among its members? ——Why do wolves howl for sure?
What is clear, however, is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each other. Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that wolves may separate from one another at times. When this happens, howling appears to be an excellent means of gathering.
Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behavior. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occur in the morning, as if wolves were doing w some sort of “roll call” where wolves all howl together to report their presence.
1. What the possible similarity between wolves’ howling together and human’s singing in chorus?| A．The act of calling each other. | B．the sense of accomplishment. |
| C．The act of hunting for something. | D．The sense of belonging to a group. |
| A．Wolves separate from each other after howling. |
| B．Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds. |
| C．Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howling together. |
| D．Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join in the chorus. |
| A．show their ranks | B．find their companion |
| C．report the missing ones | D．express their loneliness |
| A．howling is a signal for hunting | B．howling is a way of communication |
| C．howling often occurs in the morning | D．howling spreads from one to another |
