2 . Be it the flu or the coronavirus (冠状病毒), we can all take one basic step to keep ourselves healthy--wash our hands regularly. But how _________ would you be to know that the practice of handwashing was not always around? We can thank a_________   for this important practice: physician Ignaz Semmelweis.

It was 1846     _________   no one knew germs (病菌) existed. Semmelweis worked at the Vienna General Hospital _________ two parts.The hospital’s ward was so large that doctors and midwives (助产士) divided it in half. At the time, there was a major_________ in the ward.   Many of the patients contracted (感染) childbed fever, a   _________   disease, after giving birth.

While looking after the women, Semmelweis noticed something___________   The women in the doctors’ ward were more likely to catch the fever than the women__________   by the midwives. Semmelweis also knew that the doctors worked in the ward before operating_________ the women. Semmelweis came up with a theory: the doctors__________ the women with dirty particles (微粒) from dead bodies! To test his theory, he _________ doctors to wash their hands with chlorine (氯) before going to the ward.   The rate of death _________ significantly.

________ , the practice of washing hands did not become widespread.   Semmelweis’ theory could not explain why women who gave birth outside of hospitals still contracted childbed fever. Many doctors _________   to believe that they were “responsible” for the disease. As a result, the medical community cast doubt on the practice of washing hands.

Handwashing was finally officially adopted in the 1980s by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They_________   handwashing as an important factor in preventing the spread of infections. Despite this, handwashing is only performed one-third to half as often as it should be.

1.

A．surprised

B．thrilled

C．embarrassed

D．disappointed

2.

A．volunteer

B．nurse

C．sponsor

D．pioneer

3.

A．that

B．when

C．which

D．where

4.

A．were comprised of

B．made up

C．consisted of

D．composed of

5.

A．magic

B．concern

C．tale

D．secret

6.

A．deadly

B．dead

C．deathly

D．dying

7.

A．appealing

B．practical

C．odd

D．different

8.

A．tended to

B．taken care

C．calmed down

D．worried about

9.

A．with

B．at

C．on

D．in

10.

A．treated

B．harmed

C．affected

D．infected

11.

A．demanded

B．commanded

C．expected

D．recommended

12.

A．leapt

B．changed

C．declined

D．ranged

13.

A．Otherwise

B．Instead

C．Therefore

D．Nevertheless

14.

A．unwilling

B．refused

C．ashamed

D．pretended

15.

A．referred

B．thought

C．identified

D．looked

3 . Personalized medicine changes conventional medicine which typically offers blanket recommendations and offers treatments designed to help more people than they bam but that might not work for you. The approach recognizes that we each possess unique characteristics, and they have an out size impact on our health.

Around the world, researchers are creating precision tools unimaginable just a decade ago: superfast DNA sequencing(排序); tissue engineering, cell reprogramming, gene editing, and more. The science and technology soon will make it possible to predict your risk of cancer, heart disease, and countless other illnesses years before you get sick. The work also offers prospects for changing genes in removing some diseases.

Last spring, researchers at the National Cancer Institute reported the dramatic recovery of a woman with breast cancer, Judy Perkins. The team, led by Steven Rosenberg, an immune(免疫的) treatment pioneer, had sequenced her cancer cells’ DNA to analyze the sudden change. The team also removed a sampling of immune cells and tested them to see which ones recognized her cancer cells' genetic faults. The scientists reproduced the winning immune cells by the billions and put them into Perkins to attack her cancer cells. More than two y cars later. Perkins, a retired engineer from Florida, shows no signs of cancer.

Thirty years ago, scientists thought that it would be impossible to understand our genetic rules and sequence the 3.2 billion pairs of different elements in our DNA. “It was like you were talking fairytales,” Kurzrock said. “The conventional wisdom was that it would never happen. Never And then in 2003, never was over.”

It took the Human Gene Project 13 years, roughly one billion dollars, and scientists from six countries to sequence one gene complex. Today sequencing costs about a thousand dollars. The latest machines can produce the results in a day. The technology, combined with advanced cell analysis, clarifies the astonishing biochemical variations that make every human body unique.

1. What can we know about personalized medicine?

A．It has emerged a decade before.

B．It offers blanket recommendations.

C．It uses genetic information to help patients.

D．It administers treatment intended for most people.

2. Which best describes those precision tools?

A．Promising.

B．Highly risky.

C．Fruitless.

D．Strictly confidential.

3. What happened in the process of treating Judy Perkins' breast cancer?

A．Sequencing her immune cells.

B．Reprogramming her cancer cells

C．Analysis of her life style changes.

D．Identification of cancer-fighting cells.

4. What's the last paragraph mainly talking about concerning sequencing?

A．Its wide applications.	B．Its recent advances.
C．Its major disadvantages.	D．Its attractive prospects.

4 . Reasonable people should not have blind faith in the medical profession.     1     We have to check out the medicine we take. We have to ask for second and even third opinions. We must do some research. We have to use our common sense and be informed about our health care.

While it is true that modern Western medicine has risks, we shouldn’t reject it totally.     2     Most people who get good medical care are healthier and live longer.

If this is the case why has “alternative” health care become so popular in North America and Europe? Often the fear of surgery motivates people to look for these alternatives. Many people think that these treatments will help even when the situation seems hopeless to Western doctors.     3     Surgeons perform dangerous surgery, but natural healers (治疗师) do not seem to give dangerous treatments. People don’t think alternative care would kill anyone by mistake.     4     No one wants to go to a doctor in a cold hospital clinic. Since some doctors don’t have a nice “bedside manner”, people like the attention they get from alternative healers.

    5     All doctors and healers are human beings who can make mistakes. They can miss things and waste valuable time. No matter what happens, we have to think about all of the different options. Remember, there are millions of patients who are alive and well today because of “conventional” Western medicine.

A．Some alternative treatments are ineffective.

B．In addition everyone wants to be treated warmly.

C．We have to realize that there will be risks in almost any treatment.

D．Alternative treatments are attractive because they seem less harmful.

E．Patients who trust their doctors are more likely to follow treatment plans.

F．We all have to get more information about the treatments that we are given.

G．The harm to the patients usually comes from not getting medical treatment immediately.

5 . Very few people enjoy going to the dentist, especially for a filling. Often fillings need to be replaced during the patient’s lifetime. But is filling the cavity (蛀牙洞) with a foreign material really the best treatment? Is it possible that the tooth could repair itself with its own material — dentine (牙质)? Researchers at King’s College London have found a process that may replace the traditional method.

Paul Sharpe of King’s College London says the new treatment for cavities is simpler. It uses a drug that causes the tooth to fill in the hole naturally with dentine. “It involves putting a drug in the hole. It excites a natural process, which starts to occur anyway following the damage, so you can actually get the big hole repaired and the repair is the production of the natural material, the dentine.”

Usually a new drug requires repeated testing before it is approved for treatment. However, this drug that produces the regrowth material in teeth has already been approved. It is a drug used to treat Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders of the nervous system. Researchers explain that they use only a small amount and they use it locally. Usually that means the medicine is put directly on the affected area. It does not travel through the patient’s blood.

Nigel Carter heads Britain’s Oral Health Foundation. He describes the new treatment as an exciting possibility for dental care. But Carter also has a warning, “Actually regrowing the tooth that has been lost with a cavity would be really a huge step forward. But it's also important that we remember that filling the cavity is not the first place. It’s a preventable disease.”

1. When it comes to the dental treatment, researchers at King’s College London focus on        .

A．why the cavity must be filled	B．what skills dentists should learn
C．when people have to see a dentist	D．how the tooth can repair itself

2. The advantage of the new treatment for cavities mostly lies in        .

A．the full use of a new drug	B．the natural process of tooth repair
C．the good quality of filling materials	D．the practical way of finding the damage early

3. What do we know about the drug used for the new dental treatment?

A．It has little effect on Alzheimer’s disease.

B．It is being tested before it gets final approval.

C．It has been put to use for treating other diseases.

D．It travels through the patients' blood and has side effects.

4. Which of the following would Nigel Carter most probably agree with?

A．We should take good care of our teeth in daily life.

B．When you find the cavity, it is unnecessary to get it filled.

C．Taking exercise is the best way to prevent dental disease.

D．When you find a damaged tooth, you'd better repair it.

6 . Alifa Chin is a 13-year-old Bangladeshi girl whose last name sometimes leads to her being mistaken for a Chinese.

“I like my name very much. I think my name is the _________ of friendship between Bangladesh and China,” she said. In 2010, Chin’s mother, Jannatul Ferdous, was unable to _________ naturally due to a serious heart problem. Local doctors failed to _________ the necessary surgery (外科手术).

_________, the Chinese navy’s Peace Ark hospital ship was about to arrive to provide medical _________ for locals in Chittagong. “Now we feel _________ for the efforts of Chinese doctors and nurses that help me give birth to a healthy baby,” Ferdous said.

This year, Chin wrote a letter to President Xi Jinping to _________ her gratitude. To the family’s _________, Xi wrote back. In the letter, Xi _________ her to study hard, pursue her dream and carry forward the __________ friendship between China and Bangladesh.

“To __________ President Xi’s expectations, I will study medical science to help those in need,” she said.

The girl’s father said, “We didn’t __________ that our daughter would receive the letter from the Chinese president. This is the most __________ thing in our life.”

“We have seen how people in other countries have gained a better understanding of China through the medical __________. To local residents, China is a major country that is responsible, peace-loving and always __________,” she said.

1.

A．presence

B．symbol

C．signal

D．proof

2.

A．pick up

B．hand over

C．give birth

D．work out

3.

A．show

B．perform

C．follow

D．load

4.

A．Luckily

B．Originally

C．Obviously

D．Gradually

5.

A．transportation

B．shelter

C．budget

D．treatment

6.

A．thankful

B．generous

C．proud

D．sympathetic

7.

A．contribute

B．supply

C．express

D．release

8.

A．relief

B．embarrassment

C．credit

D．surprise

9.

A．called

B．offered

C．fought

D．encouraged

10.

A．temporary

B．traditional

C．unique

D．contemporary

11.

A．live up to

B．figure out

C．make up for

D．account for

12.

A．agree

B．exhibit

C．expect

D．charge

13.

A．unnecessary

B．unavoidable

C．uneventful

D．unbelievable

14.

A．benefit

B．assistance

C．concern

D．agreement

15.

A．helpful

B．grateful

C．wealthy

D．creative

7 . Picture this: you’re having trouble sleeping or your digestive system is playing up, so you go to your doctor expecting some pills. But, instead, you walk away with a ticket to the ballet or instructions to join a choir(唱诗班).

This is social prescribing(处方), and it’s taking off in a big way with hundreds of practices in England regularly referring their patients to take part in cultural activities, with a focus on prevention, early intervention, and management of long-term illness.

“Social prescribing can enable people to manage existing health problems, to connect and to grow in confidence,” says Pandya. As well as this, the arts can lower daily stress through even very short amounts of arts engagement each day such as listening to music. Even simply reading a book has numerous positive benefits. It can reduce stress, promote self-reflection, strengthen social skills, and increase knowledge, which can have an impact on educational and career success.

But why are cultural experiences so effective at improving your well-being? Art in any form, whether creating or observing, reduces the stress hormone(荷尔蒙). It also releases the feelgood hormones, which help you combat stress and pain. In a series of pioneering experiments, professors at UCL examined volunteers’ brains as they looked at 28 images. They found that the same part of the brain that gets excited when you fall in love with someone is stimulated when you look at works of art. Viewing art also causes an increase in dopamine(多巴胺), leading to feelings of intense pleasure.

Debs had been struggling with her mental health and was referred to art therapy courses. “Social prescribing addressed my wellness rather than my illness. The focus was on what I could do well, not what all the problems were. It allowed me time to heal myself. It totally transformed my life.”

1. What’s the function of the 1st paragraph?

A．To introduce a choir.

B．To show a picture.

C．To introduce the topic.

D．To attract readers’ attention.

2. The experiences belong to social prescribing except ______.

A．doing an experiment.

B．listening to music.

C．joining a choir.

D．reading a poem.

3. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 4?

A．The reason why art reduces the stress hormone.

B．The finding of a series of pioneering experiments.

C．The finding that the same part of the brain is stimulated.

D．The reason why art improves one’s health and happiness.

4. What’s Debs’ attitude towards social prescribing?

A．Grateful.

B．Concerned.

C．Discontent.

D．Neutral.

8 . 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In 2022, about 26,000 people searched for “medical chaperon(陪诊员)” on e-commerce platforms,     1     some shops made thousands of deals.

A medical chaperon, as the name     2    (imply), is a person who accompanies a patient to the clinic. The main tasks include registration, consultation, medication and result pickup, payment and transporting patients to and     3     medical appointments.

Most clients are elderly people     4    (live) alone, people from other cities, pregnant women, and single young people. According to statistics, there are more than 125 million one-person households in China, and in recent years, the number of people who live alone     5    (increase). At the same time, with the appearance of an aging population, the inability     6    (take) time off work, complicated and awkward medical procedures, travel restrictions and other factors, “medical chaperon” comes into being.

Medical chaperons are like family members and friends     7     understand the medical treatment process. They help     8    (patient) in the process of waiting and queuing to improve the     9    (efficient) of treatment. Sometimes they also play the role of “temporary family members” to provide     10    (emotion) support for clients.

9 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

WHO said last week that COVID-19 no longer qualifies as a global emergency, marking a     1     (symbol) end to the disastrous corona-virus pandemic that caused once-unthinkable lock-downs, economic depression     2     killed millions of people worldwide.

“It’s with great hope that I declare COVID-19 over     3     a global health emergency,” WHO Director-General Tedros said. “That does not mean COVID-19 isn’t     4     health threat,” he said, warning that new variants could yet emerge.

Tedros acknowledged that most countries had already returned to life before. Many countries, including Germany, France and Britain,    5     (drop) most of their measures against the pandemic last year.

Dr. Michael Ryan, WHO’s emergencies chief, said     6     is necessary for world leaders to negotiate a pandemic agreement. He said that some of the scenes witnessed during COVID-19,     7     people fought to get into emergency rooms and died in parking lots, must never be repeated.

The U. N. health agency first declared the corona-virus to be an international crisis on Jan. 30, 2020. More than three years later, the virus has caused     8     (total) 764 million cases and about 5 billion people have received at least one dose of vaccine globally.

Marie Woolhouse, an infectious diseases professor, lamented(惋惜) that the global community missed numerous     9     (chance) to stop the corona-virus earlier, in addition to causing much “self-inflicted harm” by shutting down much of society. “    10     (give) the ever-present threat of another pandemic, lessons need to be learned,” he said.

10 . A cancer treatment no longer means what it used to be. Just a few decades ago, the survival rate beyond five years was less than 50%. Now, nearly 70% of those who get cancer survive that long, and that rate is set to rise. Why? Because, more than ever, chemotherapy (化疗) and radiation, once the only ways of cancer treatment, are being paired with or replaced by varieties of new drugs and treatments.

For example, the first medication for what was previously considered an “undruggable” lung cancer was recently approved in the United States, Canada, Europe and the U.K. And a brand-new precise chemotherapy drug delivered directly to breast cancer cells is giving hope to patients with the HER 2-positive form of the disease.

Another discovery has been the promise of a treatment called immunotherapy, as researchers around the world have discovered ways to use the body’s own immune (免疫) system to battle cancer cells.

Also driving hope is a focus on prevention. Decades of research and public education have led to greater awareness of how lifestyle changes can reduce our risk of developing cancer. According to an article from the journal Pharmaceutical Research and published by the National Institutes of Health, 90% to 95% of cancers can be owed to environment and lifestyle, rather than to genetic (基因的) factors.

Employing vaccines (疫苗) is another effective way of prevention. Take the mRNA cancer vaccines for example. The speedy development of COVID-19 vaccines was thanks to foundations already laid by researchers who had been working for years to create mRNA vaccines to fight cancer. These vaccines use a specially programmed molecule (分子) to activate an immune response in the body’s cells. Unlike the COVID-19 vaccines designed to help protect billions of people, each cancer mRNA vaccine is tailored to treat a single patient’s cancer.

In fact, this personalized approach can be made for everyone, and for every cancer.

1. Why is the survival rate beyond five years rising now?

A．Because new drugs and treatments have come out.

B．Because chemotherapy and radiation get advanced.

C．Because new drugs have been paired with old ones.

D．Because new treatments have replaced the old ones.

2. What can we learn from the fourth paragraph?

A．All the cancers are not related to genetic factors.

B．Most cancers have no relationship with lifestyle.

C．A focus on prevention is our only hope to deal with cancer.

D．All cancers have relationship with environment and lifestyle.

3. What can we infer about cancer mRNA vaccine according to the text?

A．The COVID-19 vaccines can be used to fight some cancers.

B．One cancer mRNA vaccine can’t be used for another cancer.

C．One cancer mRNA vaccine can be used to treat patients of the same cancer.

D．The COVID-19 vaccines were created from previous cancer mRNA vaccines.

4. What is the text?

A．A diary entry.	B．A news report.
C．A book review.	D．A science fiction.