1 . Robotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to car you tan operation is quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic devices. These devices are capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit closer.

However, unlike the plot of one film — which featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientist’s bloodstream this device could not be put into blood vessels (血管) because it is too big. While other types of miniature robots that can be swallowed were developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body. In a presentation this week to the International Conference, Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in.

To test their latest version, Dr. Rus and Dr. Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter, which might seem to be an odd task. However, more than 3,500 people in America alone, most of them children, swallow the tiny button cells used in small electronic devices by accident every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus (食道) and stomach made out of silicone (硅胶). It was closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine (肠), and contains a little magnet (磁铁). This is folded up and wrapped in a 10mmx27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach, the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet, and during dragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines where it would eventually be gotten rid of through the anus. After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded, with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery to speed up healing.

The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers can see the batteries and visually control the robots. If not, that will require the help from imaging system, which will be a bit more of a challenge, but Dr. Rus and Dr. Miyashita, are determined to succeed.

1. According to the passage, the robot operation will probably be able to         .

A．travel through a scientist’s bloodstream

B．photograph the body to convey it to the doctor

C．enter the body to deliver drugs or make repairs

D．operate on a person outside the body completely

2. We learn from paragraph 3 that          .

A．the researchers did the experiment on a chosen animal

B．the robot took necessary drugs besides a little magnet

C．digesting the swallowed batteries is difficult for children

D．the actual size of the robot maybe larger than the capsule of ice

3. What may the experiment mean to the medical world?

A．The surgeries will cost patients much money.

B．Patients will suffer less for some surgeries.

C．Fewer children will swallow the button cells.

D．A robot will be invented traveling blood vessels.

4. Which can be the most suitable title for the passage?

A．An Experiment on Robot	B．Tiny Robot, Significant Role
C．The Robotic Voyage in Body	D．The Exploration of Robot Technology

4 . 请先阅读短文,并根据短文内容,从下面方框里所给的10个单词中分别选出恰当的单词填空,使短文意思通顺、完整。请将答案填写在答题卡各题目对应的答题区域内,每空一词,不得重复。

serious   immediately   which   heal   second   burning   liquids   a   within   called

There are three types of burns. Burns are     1     first, second or third degree burns, depending on     2     layers of the skin are burned.

● First degree burns. These affect only the top layer of the skin. These burns are not     3     and should feel better     4    a day or two. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching     5    hot pan, stove or iron for a mordent.

● Second degree burns. These affect both the top and the     6    layer of the skin. These burns are serious and take a few weeks to     7     . Examples include severe sunburn and burns caused by hot     8    .

● Third degree burns. These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks,     9    clothes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital     10    .

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), people all over the world are wearing masks     1    (reduce) the risk of infection. It’s a very simple     2     incredibly effective method to protect oneself from a     3     (various) of harmful things. The fact is     4     masks have been helping mankind for centuries. In the first century, many people in Roman Empire     5     (work) underground in mines to support their families. But most of them suffered     6     and even eventually died of respiratory (呼吸的) illnesses. To address this problem, Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), a Roman philosopher and naturalist, recommended the use of animal bladder (膀胱) skins to stop dust from being breathed in. Although primitive, his idea     7     (consider) the very first recorded mask invention.

With several outbreaks of     8     (infect) diseases and the flu, and the rise of pollution caused by industrial waste, the materials in masks have continued to evolve to     9     (well) protect its wearer. For example, in 2012 when China suffered from smog, mask models such as N95 and KN90, which can filter out this fine particulate (微粒) matter, became highly popular. In the future, masks will continue to improve, hopefully     10     will the habits of humans.

7 . In 1875, hundreds of Peruvian railroad workers began coming down with a strange fever, which was followed by severe joint pain and then death. As the body count increased, alarm set in across the country. Desperate to explain the origins of this strange new disease, a Peruvian medical society announced a contest. A 26-year-old medical student named Daniel Carrion entered.

Scientists in Peru predicted the fever was connected to Peruvian warts (疣). But they struggled to prove a link. To Carrion, whose father was a well-known physician, there was a simple solution. If someone injected him with tissue from a wart on one of the sick patients, and he got sick, then the problem was solved—there was the connection. But there was another problem: Those who got the fever generally died.

Carrion was undeterred. “Once he made the decision that experimentation on a human was necessary, he must have asked himself: On whom?” wrote Lawrence K. Altman, a physician. “Carrion answered that question in the only way his conscience (良心) would allow: Myself.” He got the fever. And he died.

Altman’s book is titled “Who Goes First?” It’s a question that’s been asked throughout history when scientists have been faced with a serious new illness.

In the race to discover how disease spreads and what treatments might stop it, someone has to be tested first. That someone is often the doctor in the white coat. “Historically, self- experimentation was an important part of the scientific process, allowing medical advances that would have been hard to achieve otherwise,” wrote two researchers in a 2018 paper titled “Adventures in self-experimentation.”

In more modern times, vaccines (疫苗) are tested on animals for months and often years before reaching humans. Throughout history, though, impatient and desperate scientists decided to throw their own necks in the ring.

Twelve self-experimenters have won Nobel Prizes for their efforts. Carrion didn’t t live to see fame. But his bravery is immortal (不朽的).

1. What was the purpose of the contest declared by a Peruvian medical society?

A．To find promising medical students.

B．To find out the cause of a new disease.

C．To compete for an opportunity to work with a famous physician.

D．To learn from each other by exchanging views on strange diseases.

2. What does the underlined word “undeterred” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Uneducated.	B．Unfortunate.
C．Energetic.	D．Determined.

3. What did the two researchers suggest in Paragraph 5?

A．Medical advances are very hard to achieve nowadays.

B．Modern scientists turn their back on self experimentation.

C．Scientific progress goes hand in hand with medical advances.

D．Self-experimenters have made great contributions to medical advances.

4. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A．Vaccines help scientists win Nobel Prizes

B．A new book about Peruvian warts will be published

C．Scientists risked death testing vaccines on themselves

D．Self experimentation has both advantages and disadvantages

8 . NATURE has many ways of reminding us who is in charge. Her most deadly weapons — bacteria, viruses, and parasites (寄生虫) —claim millions of lives every year.

But thanks to the hard work of great scientists, mankind could turn nature against itself. And it is for exactly this sort of work that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Oct 5.

Half of the prize was awarded to the Irish William Campbell and the Japanese Satoshi Ōmura for discovering avermectin (阿维菌素), a drug that kills the parasitic worms that cause river blindness and lymphatic filariasis (象皮病). Chinese scientist Tu Youyou shared the other half of the prize for developing Artemisinin, a drug that helps kill the parasite that causes malaria.

Ōmura is a microbiologist by training. He studied Streptomyces bacteria to find compounds (化合物) that work against harmful microbes (微生物). Campbell, working in the US, took bacteria found by Ōmura and took out avermectin, which is effective against parasites in farm animals. An improved type of avermectin was later produced for humans, which greatly reduced the cases of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis.

Avermectin comes from bacteria, but artemisinin comes from plants. Its discovery was the result of Project 523, a Chinese government project to find a new malaria drug in the late 1960s.

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites, which attack red blood cells, causing fever, and sometimes, brain damage and death. Tu and her team made 380 herbal extracts from 2,000 recipes from traditional Chinese medical books. In 1971, after more than 190 failures, Tu’s team finally found an extract that was 100 percent effective against malaria parasites. It was called qinghaosu, later renamed artemisinin. In 2001, the World Health Organization named artemisinin the first choice in the treatment of malaria.

Millions of people are still troubled by infections caused by parasites. But the WHO said that by 2013, malaria deaths had fallen by 47 percent compared with 2000. Similarly, river blindness used to be one of the leading causes of preventable blindness. These days, doctors are talking about chances of wiping the disease off Earth. All of these achievements would not be possible at all without the drugs that Campbell, Ōmura and Tu helped to discover.

1. The drug Tu Youyou developed, artemisinin, has proven effective in treating ______.

A．river blindness

B．malaria

C．lymphatic filariasis

D．infections caused by Streptomyces bacteria

2. Avermectin, discovered by Campbell and Ōmura, comes from ______.

A．bacteria

B．plants

C．farm animals

D．ocean animals

3. Which of the following is TRUE about the discovery of artemisinin?

A．It took Tu and her team about 10 years to discover artemisinin.

B．Tu and her team achieved success after about 380 failures.

C．Artemisinin has saved millions of people’s lives since its discovery.

D．Artemisinin was discovered thanks to the efforts of scientists from at home and abroad.