1 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. Who is the speaker?

A．A nurse.

B．A doctor.

C．A student.

2. What can be said about British people?

A．Some of them save many lives.

B．Not many have life-saving skills.

C．They learn early how to save lives.

3. What is the speaker mainly talking about?

A．Research on first aid.

B．Where first aid is taught.

C．Teaching first aid to children.

2 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. How long has the woman been in hospital?

A．For one week.

B．For ten days.

C．For two weeks.

2. When can the woman leave the hospital?

A．In two weeks.

B．Tomorrow.

C．Uncertain.

3. What’s the doctor’s suggestion for the woman?

A．Having medical checks regularly.

B．Taking the medicine every day.

C．Avoiding any physical exercise.

4. How soon will the woman get well completely?

A．In a few days.

B．In a long time.

C．As soon as she leaves the hospital.

3 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. What is the matter with Mr. Smith?

A．He is unqualified for his job.

B．His leg is broken.

C．He got a sore throat.

2. What does Mr. Smith teach?

A．Chinese.

B．English.

C．Physics.

3. Why doesn’t Mr. Smith want to take a rest?

A．He has to help his students prepare for the exam.

B．He has trouble sleeping.

C．He wants to visit a friend.

4 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. What is the woman doing now?

A．Working at a clinic.

B．Shopping in a supermarket.

C．Buying medicines in a drug store.

2. When should the woman take the pills?

A．Before going to bed.

B．After meals.

C．At noon.

3. What is forbidden after taking the pills?

A．Having a meal.

B．Taking a walk.

C．Driving a car.

4. How does the woman pay at last?

A．By card.

B．In cash.

C．By E-payment.

5 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. Who is ill in the hospital?

A．Jack’s mother.

B．Jack’s father.

C．Jack’s wife.

2. When will Jack probably go to the hospital?

A．In the evening.

B．Right now.

C．Tomorrow.

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Bacteriophages (phages) and other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) exert an immense selective pressure on     1    (bacterium), which in response have developed a broad arsenal of defence mechanisms.     2     these, CRISPR–Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated proteins) is a group of widespread RNA-guided adaptive immune systems that are classified into two broad classes, six types and numerous subtypes according to their genetic composition and interference mechanism1. The CRISPR–Cas immune response starts with the    3    (acquire) of short DNA fragments (protospacers) from invading MGEs. The protospacers are inserted as spacers between repeats in the CRISPR array to create a memory of the infection. Next, the CRISPR array is expressed    4     a long transcript that is processed into small, mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs), each    5    (carry) a spacer sequence flanked by part of the repeat. Finally, the interference complexes, composed     6     a crRNA and one (class 2) or more (class 1) Cas proteins, degrade the complementary nucleic-acid targets that are often found next to a short protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). The specificity and programmability of the CRISPR–Cas machinery     7    (lead) to the development of various biotechnological applications in genome editing, molecular diagnostics and more.

In the evolutionary arms race with CRISPR–Cas, phages and other MGEs have evolved diverse strategies to block or circumvent immunity. One widespread evasion mechanism uses protein-    8    (base) CRISPR–Cas inhibitors called anti-CRISPRs (Acrs). So far, more than 100 Acr protein families have been identified    9     inhibit different stages of the CRISPR–Cas immune response, mainly by interacting directly with Cas proteins. For example, Acrs prevent crRNA loading, effector-complex formation, and target DNA binding and cleavage. Notably, the discovery of these natural ‘off switches’ has presented new opportunities    10    (control) the activity of CRISPR–Cas technologies.

7 . Bioengineering has the power to improve health globally by developing diagnostic (诊断法), treatment and disease monitoring platforms that function in diverse settings. This conference aims at improving the open exchange of ideas between bioengineers, clinical researchers, healthcare providers, funding and community partners, policymakers and educators, discussing the current impact of bioengineering on solving global health challenges and how to connect with communities.

This conference aims to provide a forum (论坛) to present research about:

► Improving for global health: low-cost diagnostics

► Establishing effective treatment

► Funding and publishing global health-related bioengineering research

► Providing training and education as a means to advance global health

► Capacity building for disease prevention

Submission Deadline September 8, 2023

PLEASE NOTE: You must register for the conference in order to be accepted.

How to submit:

1. Click “Submit Abstract”

2. Create an account, follow the steps and submit your research

3. Register for the conference

4. Check your email for a decision email

You will be informed via email shortly after the deadline whether you have been accepted or not.

* Submission confirmation and future communications will come from a natuteconferences@nature.com email address.

Fee:

Student	Professional (not for profit)	Professional (for profit)
Regular Registration $ 299	Regular Registration (by or before Sept 8, 2023) $550 Late Registration (from Sept 9, 2023) $599	Regular Registration (by or before Sept 8, 2023) $ 750 Late Registration (from Sept. 9, 2023) $ 799

1. Why is this conference held?

A．To improve treatment and disease monitoring techniques in America.

B．To promote global communication of people from the relevant fields.

C．To connect with more local communities in medicine.

D．To provide more challenges to clinical researchers.

2. How do you know whether you are accepted by the conference?

A．By surfing the website.	B．By attending to the phone message.
C．By checking the email	D．By noticing the bank account reminders.

3. How much should a medicine producer pay if he registers after Sept. 9, 2023?

A．$ 550.

B．$559.

C．$ 750.

D．$799.

8 . “Going wireless is the future for just about everything!” That is a quote from scientist Sreekanth Chalasani, and we can’t help but agree. Realizing this, a team of scientists has made a breakthrough toward wirelessly controlling human cells using sound, in a technique called “sonogenetics (声遗传学).” This concept may seem strange but let us explain.

Basically, the term “sonogenetics” means using ultrasound (超声波) to change the behavior of cells in a non-invasive manner. “We already know that ultrasound is safe, and that it can go through bone, muscle and other tissues, making it the ultimate tool for controlling cells deep in the body,” says Chalasani.

Low-frequency ultrasound waves can target a particular protein that is sensitive to the signal. This research, published in Nature Communications, focused on TRPA1. When this protein is stimulated through the ultrasound waves, it also stimulates the cells which carry it. What type of cell is being stimulated depends on the outcome. For example, a muscle cell may contract with stimulation, or a neuron (神经元) in the brain will fire. In this experiment, scientists genetically marked cells with an increased concentration of TRPA1, making them the key targets of the ultrasound waves.

Currently, treating conditions like Parkinson’s disease requires scientists to implant electrodes (电极) in the brain which stimulate certain disordered cells. Researchers hope that sonogenetics can one day replace these invasive treatments.

In the future, the team wants to adjust the placement and amount of TRPAI around the body using the gene treatment. Gene delivery techniques have already been shown to be successful in humans, such as in treating blindness. Therefore, it’s just a case of adjusting this theory to a different sound-based setting.

“Gene delivery techniques already exist for getting a new gene—such as TRPA1—into the human heart,” Chalasani says. “If we can then use an external ultrasound device to activate those cells, that could really change pacemakers.” There is still a while to go before this treatment can become a reality. The future for sonogenetics, though, looks bright.

1. What’s working principle for sonogenetics?

A．Using medicine interventional therapies.

B．Changing cells’ shape with new equipment.

C．Controlling cells in a non-invasive manner.

D．Using a kind of unique medical composition.

2. What did the scientists do in the experiment?

A．Change the concentration of the protein.

B．Find target cells for treatment precisely.

C．Analyze the protein sensitive to the sign.

D．Choose the type of cell to be stimulated.

3. What can we learn about sonogenetics from Paragraphs 4 and 5?

A．It can be applied to other fields besides medicine.

B．It may replace some traditional medical therapies.

C．It will totally transform gene delivery techniques.

D．It has succeeded in curing diseases like blindness.

4. What’s the best title for the text?

A．Can cells be controlled by sound?

B．How is sonogenetics clinically used?

C．Are gene delivery techniques available?

D．What are applications of sonogenetics?

9 . The first patients to receive gene-editing (基因编辑) treatments for blood diseases will enter the new year free of painful symptoms.

The experiments suggest that changing DNA could treat sickle cell disease (SCD) and beta thalassemia, conditions both caused by faulty genes that make it difficult for the blood to carry oxygen. The companies behind the trials said that a patient in the US with SCD had been well since July. A thalassemia patient in Germany had been free of symptoms for nine months.

The treatment for both conditions involved a gene-editing tool called CRISPR-Cas9. It was used to change the DNA of some of the cells of Victoria Gray, 34, who has SCD. This caused her body to produce foetal haemoglobin, a substance not usually present after the age of six months. Earlier work had shown that foetal haemoglobin effectively treated the symptoms of SCD.

SCD is a genetic condition in which red blood cells, which should be round, adopt a C-shaped look and are sticky. They block blood vessels (血管) and damage organs. Until now the only means of curing SCD involved a bone marrow transplant (骨髓移植), which relies on a suitable donor and carries a risk of rejection and death.

The new treatment involved harvesting bone marrow stem cells from Ms Gray, who then had chemotherapy (化疗) to kill her bone marrow. The obtained cells were edited using CRISPR-Cas9. It consists of a gene-cutting enzyme (酶), led by instructions to a particular part of a cell’s DNA. Once it arrives there it locks onto the DNA and removes a part of it, leaving the cell to repair the damage. It was used to disable a gene that stops foetal haemoglobin being produced. Billions of Ms Gray’s blood-producing bone marrow cells were treated in this way before being put back into her body.

Ciaran Lee of University College Cork said that previous studies involving individual cells had been highly promising. “What remains to be seen is whether the stem cells corrected by CRISPR-Cas9 can survive for the lifetime of the patient, providing a permanent cure, or whether the effect is temporary.”

1. What can we say about the new treatment?

A．It may cause serious symptoms.

B．It seems less effective than expected.

C．It could cure various blood diseases.

D．It proves successful at least for now.

2. Which of the following was first done during the treatment given to Ms Gray?

A．Finding a suitable donor for her.

B．Leading the enzyme to a part of a cell’s DNA.

C．Taking bone marrow stem cells from her.

D．Using chemotherapy to kill her bone marrow.

3. Why does the treatment require cutting the gene?

A．To improve the patient’s ability to produce blood.

B．To make the patient’s living cells create an enzyme.

C．To let the patient’s body produce foetal haemoglobin.

D．To kill the patient’s C-shaped red blood cells.

4. What is Ciaran Lee’s opinion about the new treatment?

A．It will give the patient a permanent cure.

B．Its effectiveness needs more examination.

C．It requires more research on individual cells.

D．Its risk may be higher than traditional treatments.

10 . 听下面一段长对话,回答小题。
1. How old was probably the man when he got his PhD?

A．18 years old.

B．26 years old.

C．28 years old.

2. When did the man begin his research on the cancer drug?

A．When he got a job in a medical lab.

B．When he worked at a medical company.

C．When he was studying for his PhD.