1 . Google is my doctor
When illustrator Scott Adams lost his voice, his doctors were confused.
Adams is one of an increasing number of people who have started using the Internet to get health advice. The advantages are numerous, starting of course with the obvious convenience of getting a diagnosis from the comfort of your own home.
Diagnosing minor medical problems from information on the Internet can also have an impact on society’s medical costs. You can compare insect bites with Internet pictures, ask what type they are and whether they are dangerous without wasting your busy doctor’s precious time.
However, it must be said that diagnosis is tricky, and comparing your rash(疹子) with an online photo may lead you down the wrong path.
In conclusion, the Internet is a good starting point in diagnosing your health problems, but you should always consult your doctor before acting on anything you find there.
A.On a professional level, there is no way one doctor car be an expert in everything. |
B.It was not until he turned to the Internet that he managed to identify his condition. |
C.This condition was the very one that made him unable to speak |
D.Appearance provides only ten percent of the information needed to make a diagnosis. |
E.Do not underestimate the value of talking to real people — doctors and telephone helplines will help you put what you read into context. |
F.To sum up, if your doctor refuses to talk to you, the Internet will give you a better solution. |
2 . Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou helped by ancient Chinese remedy
Tu Youyou, in China, is being called the ”three noes“ winner: no medical degree, no doctorate (博士头衔), and she’s never worked overseas. However, it was she that was the first female Chinese scientist who had won the Nobel Prize. When it comes to her work, she is totally devoted.
In 1967, malaria (疟疾) spread by mosquitoes was killing Chinese soldiers fighting Americans in the jungles of northern Vietnam. A secret research unit was formed to find a cure for the illness and Tu was instructed to become the new head of Mission 523. She went to the southern Chinese island of Hainan to study how malaria threatened human health. For six months, she stayed there, leaving her four-year-old daughter at a local nursery. Her husband had been sent away to work at the countryside at the height of China’s Cultural Revolution, a time of extreme political disorder.
Despite much failure, finally, she with her team members found a brief reference to one substance, sweet wormwood (in Chinese Qinhao), which had been used to treat malaria in China around 400 AD.
The team tested the drug but they didn’t succeed until Tu Youyou returned to the original ancient text. After another careful reading, she heated the extract without allowing it to reach boiling point.
Without any hesitation, Tu Youyou volunteered to be the first human recipient of the new drug.“As the head of the research group, I had the responsibility,” she explained to the Chinese media. Tu Youyou is typically described in China as a “modest”woman. Her work was published anonymously (匿名地) in 1977, and for decades she received little recognition for her research.
In any case, Tu Youyou is consistently praised for her drive and passion. One former colleague says Ms Tu is “unsociable and quite straightforward”, adding that “if she disagrees with something, she will say it”.
Another colleague who has worked with Tu Youyou for more than 40 years, describes her as a “tough and stubborn woman”.
She is actually stubborn enough to spend decades piecing together ancient texts and apply them to modern scientific practices. The result has saved millions of lives.
1. The “three noes” in the first paragraph refers to the fact that __________.A.Tu Youyou has no noble family background |
B.Tu Youyou has no good interpersonal relationship |
C.Tu Youyou has no top recognition in science |
D.Tu Youyou has no overseas working experience |
A.She was instructed to be the head of Mission 523. |
B.She got the chance to study how malaria threatened human health. |
C.She had to leave her four-year-old daughter at a local nursery. |
D.She could go to work with her husband at the countryside. |
A.they had not read the ancient books carefully |
B.they had not followed Tu’s suggestions |
C.they had lacked sufficient economic support |
D.they had heated the extract to the boiling point |
A.To be warmhearted enough to help her colleagues at work |
B.To work hard whenever she come across any difficulty |
C.To be devoted to her career and full of passion |
D.To be stubborn enough to spend decades researching |
The world’s
Now 66 years old, professor Yacoub still retains his energy and extraordinary enthusiasm for his career. For 43 years, he has dealt with desperate patients whose combination of poor diet, inactive lifestyle and stress overload have caused them to ask for his help.
Professor Yacoub’s life is always hectic (狂热的).
For relaxation, professor Yacoub enjoys
4 . The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.
There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers, and government.
The behaviors under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behavior are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behavior and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.
Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favor candidates with integrity and positive ethical behavior—if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behavior of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.
The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school’s culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school’s examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.
1. What does the author say about cheating in medical schools?A.Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon. |
B.We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is feasible. |
C.We are safe to conclude that this phenomenon exists on a grand scale. |
D.Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking. |
A.The medical profession is based on trust. |
B.There is zero tolerance of cheating in medicine. |
C.The medical profession depends on the government. |
D.Cheating exists extensively in medical schools. |
A.Family, culture and society play an active part. |
B.Bad school environment is the leading cause of student cheating. |
C.Parents are always to blame for their children’s cheating behavior. |
D.Cheating exists primarily because students learn bad things from TV. |
A.Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity. |
B.Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society. |
C.Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values. |
D.There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behavior of their students. |
A.Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition. |
B.Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools. |
C.Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity. |
D.Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school. |
A.30%. | B.24%. | C.96%. | D.50%. |
A.He nearly became blind. | B.His vision became even worse. |
C.He couldn’t see very well at night. | D.His eyes were dry for several months. |
A.Nervous. | B.Regretful. | C.Painful. | D.Relaxed. |
A.Laser surgery is safe despite its side effects. |
B.Two weeks’ home rest is required after the surgery. |
C.The cost of the surgery is too high for ordinary people. |
D.People with poor vision are all good candidates for the surgery. |
6 . Getting sick is an invariable(永恒的) part of people lives.
The conditions in the US are getting worse quickly, which is largely due to the fact that there is no universal healthcare system. According to the 2019 US Census, 28 million people are not covered or do not have adequate health insurance, meaning that they would probably avoid getting tested for the virus, for fear of the cost of being hospitalized.
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Germany, on the contrary, has one of the world’s best-developed and most expensive public healthcare systems that covers every citizen. People in Germany—who have “high levels of job security”, according to the Los Angeles Times—are also more likely to follow the quarantine measures and stay at home without having to worry about losing their jobs.
“The conditions to deal with the virus in Germany are among the best in the world,” said German Chancellor Angela Merkel, according to the Los Angeles Times.
Japan also has universal public healthcare, but it brings another kind of problem: People tend to seek more medical care than necessary. According to Yusuke Tsugawa, a physician at Harvard University, Japan has three times more outpatient visits than the US, and patients also stay in hospital for three times longer than in the US.
“It isn’t good to do tests just to ease public anxiety,” Kentaro Iwata, an infectious disease expert at Kobe University. Japan , told Reuters. “If they test every one with light symptoms, the medical system will puncture(破损).”
Indeed, a country’s healthcare system is the key to keeping its people safe--it’s also the key to whether a country can survive a crisis like the novel coronavirus pandemic.
A.Both explain why the country seems to be weathering(经受) the pandemic better than its European peers |
B.The countries all over the world are short of medical supplies. |
C.This often wastes medical resources, which are even more critical and precious during a global pandemic |
D.But their attitudes toward being sick and hospital visits vary from country to country. |
E.Germany has expanded restrictions on social interactions to try to control the coronavirus outbreak, banning public gatherings of more than two people. |
F.There is a strong financial incentive(动机) to conceal (to hide) symptoms. |
7 . This website is designed to explore how the experience, diagnosis and treatment of illness has changed over time, and to show some of the many ways illness has been understood by humans. It is our hope that you will leave the site with a broader appreciation of the relationship of medicine to culture, and an understanding that our own medical practices look different when seen in a historical context.
In exploring this site, we ask you to think of this fundamental idea: that illness, the feeling and experience of being sick, is itself a historical object. Illness and medicine are not static(静止的) phenomena. Different people in different time periods can experience, understand and treat similar groups of symptoms very differently. Cycles of fevers and chills may be identified as being a particular disease, part of a general pattern of seasonal health or an internal struggle of opposing yet complementary forces. These are more than just descriptions; they influence the actual experience of having illness, and strongly influence the treatment. A body that is out of balance feels pain in manner that is subjectively different from a body fighting a battle against an external attacker. We believe that illness changes over time. Thus, to fully understand illness, we need not just biological explanation, but also historical explanation. We need both medicine and the history of illness.
Related to this idea is a second. This is the concept that illness, and the medical responses to illness, are related to cultural worldviews. How we see the world structures how we experience and shape the world we live in. What makes particular responses seem reasonable emerges from specific cultural values. The judgements about what medical practices are effective and sensible are value judgements made in the context of broader cultural beliefs about how the world works, our place in that world, and what is morally good and bad. Our aim is to help you understand why blood-letting for instance, now considered unacceptable, was a sensible healing activity in the early 19th century.
Finally, it is easy to read the history of medicine as one of constant progression leading from barbaric (野蛮的) roots to a scientific approaches embodied in current medical practice. We believe that this understanding is problematic. First, a lack of knowledge that we have today did not mean that medicine in other time periods and cultures was wrong. Based on cultural values and contemporary knowledge, other cultures developed advanced treatments that were effective and sensible for their people, although they may be considered barbaric nowadays. Similarly in a century or two, our own medical practices may seem backward and nonsensical, it is not the case that former practices have led simplistically to our own superior knowledge.
1. According to the first paragraph, the website is intended to show that ________.A.many illnesses were wrongly diagnosed in the past |
B.we have unrealistic expectations of medical practice |
C.medicine should be examined in connection with culture |
D.changes in living conditions have led to the development of new illnesses |
A.we need more accurate biological explanations of illnesses |
B.illnesses are influenced by climate and environment |
C.our bodies are constantly under attack from illnesses |
D.how an illness is interpreted affects how it is experienced |
A.In certain cultures, the factual basis of illnesses is not recognized |
B.Medical practices have improved over time. |
C.Illness can influence our perception of the world. |
D.We judge past medical practices by inappropriate principles. |
A.There are considerable differences between cultures. |
B.Illnesses are better understood today than in the past. |
C.Current medical practices will be seen differently in the future. |
D.Little research is being carried out into the treatment of some diseases. |
Finding the right doctor isn’t easy and it shouldn’t be. When you put your life in someone else’s hands, you need to feel confident that this is
“People know more about how to buy a car
What kind of care are you looking for? A primary care doctor helps keep you healthy, provides a home base for all your medical needs, and is your go-to person when you’re sick. A specialist has a deeper but narrower skill set, and may serve only a short-term purpose, like diagnosing a problem or designing a treatment regimen (养生法). Experts suggest
After the general category of physician is roughly determined, the next step is
A. diagnostic | B. respectively | C. improve | D. update | E. accurately | F. presented |
G. practice | H. distinct | I. combined | J. standard | K. disclose |
A new study by a team of Stanford University School suggests that the average human body temperature in USA has decreased over the last century. The idea that the normal human body temperature is about 37°C was first
However, it turns out that this well-established fact is not completely correct– or, to put it more
The team looked at three
By cross-checking the health records, the researchers concluded that the average American’s body temperature is about 0.03°C and 0.6°C lower for women and men,
As for the reasons, the researchers say that the most likely one is a decline in the human metabolic rate (人体代谢速率) due to environmental factors. One possibility is that improvements in public health have reduced the incidence of inflammations (炎症感染率), which
10 . Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren't as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.
A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.
“This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science.
“The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain,” Raliya said. “But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so there's less risk and better response times.”
The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement.
Next, researchers exposed locusts' antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes.
The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you've reached the cortex.”
To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected.
This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases.
1. This passage is mainly about ________.A.a novel method of drug delivery | B.a challenge facing medical staff |
C.a new medicine treating brain disease | D.a technique to improve doctor's ability |
A.Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases. |
B.Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement. |
C.The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill. |
D.The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour. |
A.human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances |
B.the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex |
C.locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles |
D.The shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human's noses |
A.A lung cancer patient who needs operation immediately |
B.A college student who majors in medical technology |
C.A senior doctor who is about to retire |
D.A high school teacher who is teaching biology |