1 . You have probably seen blind people walking with their trusted and gentle four dogs. The ______ trained dogs serve as eyes for people who can not see, making it ______ for them to lead independent lives. ______ what you probably did not know is that about 80 years ago, a doctor and his patient discovered this entirely______!

Many people were killed or injured during World War I. Near the end of that war, Dr. Gerhard Staling and his______ walked wíth a patient----a German soldier who had been ______---around hospital grounds in Germany.

While they were waking , the doctor was ______ away. The dog and the soldier stayed outside. A few moments later, when the doctor returned, the dog and the soldier were ______! Searching the paths worriedly, Dr. Staling made an astonishing ______. His pet had led the soldier ______ around the hospital grounds. And together the two______ peacefully back toward the doctor.

_______ by what his dog could do, Dr. Staling set up the first ______in the world to train dogs as guides, Dorothy Eustis, an American woman ______ as a dog trainer for the International Red Cross in Switzerland, was ______ to study the way Staling trained dogs and spent severạl months in his school. She came away so impressed that she wrote a(an) ______ about it for the Saturday Evening Post in America.

A blind American man, Morris Frank, ______ the article and he wrote to Dorothy Eustis and asked that she ______ a dog for him. Dorothy Eustis took up the ______ and trained a dog, Buddy. She brought Frank over to Switzerland to join her in the training ______. Frank went back to the United States with what many believe to be Americas first guide dog in 1928.

2 . Culture influences an individual’s health beliefs, behaviours, activities and medical treatment outcomes. ___________ the significant influence of culture upon health and related outcomes, health care ___________ should be culturally competent in order to provide ___________ health care to patients. Cultural competency means considering many options and being more careful about making judgments. For example, scars and bruises that suggest abuse in western culture could ___________ be symbols of accepted healing methods or sacred rituals. ___________, different parts of the body are considered sacred in different cultures.

Cultural competency in healthcare ___________ four major challenges for providers. The first is the straightforward challenge of recognizing clinical ___________ among people of different ethnic and racial groups, e. g. , higher ___________ of hypertension in African Americans and of diabetes in certain Native American groups.

The second, and far more complicated, challenge is ___________. This deals with everything from the need for interpreters to nuances of words in various languages. Many patients, even in western cultures, are ____________to talk with their doctors about such personal matters as sexual activity or chemical use. How do we overcome this ____________ among more restricted cultures?

The third challenge is ethics. ____________ western medicine is among the best in the world, we do not have all the ____________. Respect for the belief systems of others and the effects of those beliefs on well-being are critically important to competent care.

The final challenge involves ____________. For some patients, authority figures are immediately mistrusted, sometimes for good reason. Having seen or been victims of atrocities (暴行) at the hands of authorities in their homelands, many people are as ____________ of caregivers themselves as they are of the care.

3 . On September 3, 1928, Alexander Fleming was hard at work. His _______ was to study bacteria in a lab. While working, Fleming found mold (霉菌) on one of his Petri dishes. And when he looked _______, he saw something _______. The bacteria he studied were also _______ all over the dish, but they weren't growing on the spots that had mold. He _______ whether the bacteria were driven away by the mold. After more tests, Fleming found that it was doing just that. And he learned that the mold was a _______ called Penicillium.

Fleming believed that he could turn the mold into medicine to _______ infections. This medicine was the world's first antibiotic (抗生素). Fleming first _______ it “mold juice.” Later, he _______ the name to “penicillin.” Soon, a team at Oxford University ________ to help. Scientists Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley worked with Fleming. Together, they further ________ penicillin.

The first patient treated with the new drug had a bad ________. His name was Albert Alexander. After a few ________ with penicillin, he felt much better. However, they ________ the medicine. The infection came back, and ________ Alexander passed away. Still, the doctors had learned that penicillin could fight bacteria. They just needed to ________ more of it. Later, Florey and Chain flew to the United States. There, they found ways to grow the mold ________. Starting in 1942, penicillin was used to treat World War Ⅱ soldiers.

At that time, diseases were just as ________ for soldiers at war as enemy forces were. Bacterial pneumonia (肺炎) alone ________ 18% of American soldiers to die in the first World War. Thanks to penicillin, that ________ to less than one percent in World War Ⅱ.

The four scientists saved lives and changed the world of medicine forever. Today, antibiotics are used to treat many illnesses.

4 . Promising Vaccine Trials Bring Hope To Coronavirus-Weary World

On December 1, 2020, the United Kingdom became the first western country to give emergency ______ for a COVID-19 vaccine. The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) officials announced they would begin _______ 800,000 doses of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine to 50 British hospitals as early as next week. The initial vaccines will be administered to some of the nation's most ______ citizens — nursing home residents, health workers, and the elderly.

The vaccines are made using a synthetic Messenger ribonucleic acid (核糖核酸), or mRNA, that contains ______ about the coronavirus’s signature spike protein (突刺蛋白). When injected into the body, it provides the immune system a _______ of what the threat looks like and allows it to prepare the antibodies needed to neutralize the virus if a person gets infected. This is different from traditional vaccines, which _______ the immune system by injecting weakened viruses that cannot reproduce themselves very effectively.

The _____ approach has several advantages. Since it does not use a live virus, there is little danger of the vaccinated person being infected with the coronavirus. mRNA vaccines are also easier and faster to mass-produce.

However, questions about how long the vaccines will provide protection and their _____ across various age groups and ethnicities are yet to be answered. Also, at an expected price of between $15 to $25 per dose, the immunizations will be expensive to extend, especially since each person needs two shots to obtain full ______.

______, Pfizer's BNT162b2 must be stored at a temperature of minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit (-70 degrees Celsius), and once melted, it lasts just five days in regular refrigerators. This means that the countries wishing to use the vaccination will first have to build cold storage _______. Moderna's mRNA-1273 will be a slightly easier choice since it can be stored in a regular medical freezer for up to six months. It also remains ______ in a standard refrigerator for up to a month after melting.

“Today’s emergency use authorization in the U.K. ______ a historic moment in the fight against COVID-19. This authorization is a goal we have been working toward since we first declared that science will win, and we ______ the MHRA for their ability to conduct a careful assessment and take timely action to help protect the people of the U.K.,” Albert Bourla, chairman and CEO of Pfizer, said in a press release.

Pfizer and Moderna are not the only ones competing to find a way to stop the spread of this deadly virus that has brought the world to a halt. With the world's greatest minds working together, there is little doubt that the coronavirus will be eliminated. However, given the extent of its ______, it will take some time. Until then, we must all continue to take the precautions recommended by medical experts.

5 . Last month, I slept through a flight from London to Beijing. Upon waking up, I was shocked to discover that I could no longer _______ my right arm and fingers. My arm just simply did not follow my brain’s _______ , as if it no longer _______ my body.

The doctor at the Sino Japanese Friendship Hospital _______ me to have suffered neural (神经的) injury. Aside from _______ that I see a physiotherapist (理疗师), he only told me, “Rest for two months first and come back for_______ check-up. ”

In that moment of _______ , a long-time family friend, who is an acupuncturist in Sichuan, _______to help. I started my acupuncture _______ the next day. I was sceptical at first, but my ________ was soon beaten by the results. After a few days, I could move my ________ Two weeks later, I could have meals using chopsticks. After a month, my arm and fingers were almost back to their ________ functions.

In that clinic, I heard many other patients’ ________ . One 11-year-old boy, who was born with ________ autism (自闭症), was treated at the age of three, and now he communicates quite ________ One lady, who suddenly became deaf two months ago, has just ________ her hearing.

I’m surprised at how these ________ needles can cure so many illnesses, many of which even big hospitals with expensive medical devices ________ with. Is it magic? No! But it is the right ________ of the Chinese tradition that brings ________ and happiness to friends here and farther.

6 . As we all know, washing our hands helps stop the spread of illnesses. It seems so _________, but it took one doctor, many experiments and a lot of opposition before the _________ was accepted.

In 1846, Ignaz Semmelweis was working in a _________ in Vienna. He saw many women dying of a particular type of fever and he wanted to figure out the _________. So Dr. Semmelweis began experimenting by _________ two groups of women-one with male doctors and medical students _________ their babies and the other with women midwives (产婆) doing that.

It _________ that more women were dying in the ward with the male doctors and medical students. Semmelweis then conducted experiments with _________ conditions, none of which produced any changes in the _________. He tried getting the mothers in the doctors’ wards to deliver babies and __________ mental stress and worry, but there were no changes.

________, Semmelweis discovered one key difference: The doctors and medical students were performing other __________ while the midwives were just there to help deliver babies. Semmelweis then __________ his doctors to wash their hands after completing them and the number of __________ in their wards went down!

Nowadays, no one __________ that handwashing is one of the best things to do for staying healthy and stopping the spread of disease.

7 . I watched a wonderful video showing my friend Kieran Jordan dancing beautifully. I felt very_____________to see how she had responded to her illness.

Kieran has been living with Lyme disease (莱姆病) for two years. She first fell_______________in the summer of 2017, feeling tired, but the cause went undiagnosed and___________. After ten months, a medical provider recognized it as Lyme, but a lot of___________had been done._____________most health insurance plans do not cover Lyme disease, helpful   friends_________________a GoFundMe page,_________________more than $39,000 for Kieran.

She said,“GoFundMe saved my life. The disease is_______for two years. It’s been long and difficult, but not everyone has the kind of community _______________that I have.”

At the first signs   of the illness, she saw several medical   professionals. She said,“The__________ is that for ten months they________the diagnosis. They didn’t even test me for Lyme.”However, she is now making progress. “I am getting back some________________.”

Kieran is now seeing two physicians who specialize in Lyme. But she said________________that the health care system is so far behind in dealing with Lyme. “It’s not a__________disease, but Lyme disease is not included in our healthcare system and our insurance system.”In a Facebook post, Kieran told her friends,“I can see that I AM________. But I’m sometimes smiling through the tears!”

8 . Paintings and sculptures can be a(n) ______ for the eyes of visitors to art museums, but today they are also considered to be an unconventional ______ for people with mental illness.

Last month, a group of Canadian doctors started to write a brand-new kind of prescription (处方) which gives patients free ______ to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.

Nathalie Bondil, a museum’s general director, ______ that being in contact with culture and arts can help with ____. Each prescription will allow not only the ______ to go into the art museums but also their families or friends to ______ them. In the museum, visitors can ______ the artworks, and take part in a wide range of activities There’s increasing evidence that the works of art, ______ the works of art describing nature, can have ______ effects on people with fear，depression and ______.

In 2017, the U.K.’s All Party Parliamentary Group on Arts. Health and Well-being also released a report stating that “it’s time to ______ the powerful contributions the arts can make to our health”. Is it possible for art to help overall health?

We may not know the answer yet. Only time can ______. But one thing is ______ ,that is, more and more people today are ______ of the idea that “art is good medicine”.

9 . How do doctors and hospitals decide who gets potentially lifesaving treatment and who doesn't? Facing this _______ position recently— who gets a ventilator(呼吸机) or a bed in hospital— Italian doctors sought advice on conscience and were told to consider a/an_______ . that draws on utilitarian(功利主义) principles.

In the words which are easy to understand, a utilitarianism approach would maximize(使最大化) overall health by directing _______ toward those most likely to _______ the most from it. If you had only one ventilator, it would go to someone more likely to _______.

In addition, they say pulling the _______ of front-line health care workers first is   _______to maximize the number of lives saved. We may _______ a shortage of such workers, and some have already fallen _______.

In a recent article in The New York Times, a British researcher said, “There are arguments about ________ the young over the old that I am personally very uncomfortable with,” he added. “Is a 20-year-old ________more valuable than a 50-year-old, or are 50-year-olds actually more useful for your economy, because they have ________ and skills that 20-ycars-olds don't have?”

Dr. Emanuel ________ with that statement: “The 20-rcar-old has lived fewer years of life; they have been seized of a full life ________. If they nearly have the same prediction of the course of the disease, then the fact that 20-year-old has not had a full life counts in their favor for getting ________ that are rare at this special moment.”

10 . After persuading most of his patients, his wife and son to go back to France following the lockdown of Wuhan, Philippe Klein, a French doctor, decided to stay in the epicenter during the COVID-19 outbreak.

"I am a doctor, so I have to do my job and do my______," said Klein, a general practitioner at Wuhan Union Hospital in Hubei province.

Before authorities in Wuhan______the city, suspending all outbound flights and trains in late January to______the highly infectious disease, Klein had______about 500 foreigners living in Wuhan, most of them French.

Following the outbreak, he closed his______at the hospital to reduce the chances of infection for his patients. Instead, he began to give______and treatment at patients' homes.

But while he continued to see his patients, Klein found some had fever and he might be______with the virus, so he decided to send his wife and son back to France.

"When I came back home after seeing patients, I didn't feel very comfortable. I really did not want to put my family______, so I asked my wife to leave Wuhan on the second plane organized by the French government," he said. "My son was crying when we______, but it was better for them to leave Wuhan and let me do my job. Also they were very proud because I was doing my duty here."

In addition to his sense of duty as a doctor, he said he also chose to stay because of his deep______for the people and the city, where he has lived for six years.

“People in Wuhan are very friendly to French, and here I feel like a star sometimes,” he said.

____the lockdown of a vast city with 11 million people, which is rare in human history, has made a big______on Klein. He said he is touched by the______Wuhan residents have made to contain the outbreak.

“The last month was the craziest month in my______life,” he said. “and I would like to say to the people of Wuhan and to the Chinese people that they are going to overcome this epidemic. And their sacrifice, their courage, their unity, will______. It will be an example to the world to make such a sacrifice to protect the rest of the world.”