1 . You have probably seen blind people walking with their trusted and gentle four dogs. The ______ trained dogs serve as eyes for people who can not see, making it ______ for them to lead independent lives. ______ what you probably did not know is that about 80 years ago, a doctor and his patient discovered this entirely______!

Many people were killed or injured during World War I. Near the end of that war, Dr. Gerhard Staling and his______ walked wíth a patient----a German soldier who had been ______---around hospital grounds in Germany.

While they were waking , the doctor was ______ away. The dog and the soldier stayed outside. A few moments later, when the doctor returned, the dog and the soldier were ______! Searching the paths worriedly, Dr. Staling made an astonishing ______. His pet had led the soldier ______ around the hospital grounds. And together the two______ peacefully back toward the doctor.

_______ by what his dog could do, Dr. Staling set up the first ______in the world to train dogs as guides, Dorothy Eustis, an American woman ______ as a dog trainer for the International Red Cross in Switzerland, was ______ to study the way Staling trained dogs and spent severạl months in his school. She came away so impressed that she wrote a(an) ______ about it for the Saturday Evening Post in America.

A blind American man, Morris Frank, ______ the article and he wrote to Dorothy Eustis and asked that she ______ a dog for him. Dorothy Eustis took up the ______ and trained a dog, Buddy. She brought Frank over to Switzerland to join her in the training ______. Frank went back to the United States with what many believe to be Americas first guide dog in 1928.

2 . Kim Stemple was a special-education teacher. In 2012, she found herself in Boston hospital being ____ for one of several diseases she had been diagnosed (诊断) with. The normally energetic Stemple was naturally getting very ____ . And then a friend gave her a medal.

Before she got too ____ to exercise, Stemple had been a marathon runner. The medal came from a ____ partner who had just ____ a half marathon in Las Vegas and hoped the medal would act as a kind of ____ . It worked like magic.

After Stemple hung the medal on the wall, other ____ said they wanted medals too. That got Stemple ____ . “A medal is a simple way to give a _____ message,” she told others. And so was born her charity, We Finish Together, which ____ medals from strangers — runners, dancers, swimmers, singers, and even spelling bee winners — and gives them to all sorts of people ____ .

People who have received the medals have ____ hospital patients, people from homeless shelters, etc. Part of the process involves the ____ owner writing a personalized note on the ribbon (绶带) . “This helps them ____ with someone,” says Stemple. “If they receive a medal, they know someone ____ .”

Can a simple medal ____ make a difference? Yes, says Joan Musarra, who ____ from a serious lung disease. “When I opened my package containing my new ____ and the notes of positive, warm thoughts, I was very _____,” she wrote to Stemple. “At that moment, I was sitting on my sofa breathing through an oxygen cannula (氧气管) because my lungs were so weak. It ____ so much to me to feel that I am not alone.”

3 . Culture influences an individual’s health beliefs, behaviours, activities and medical treatment outcomes. ___________ the significant influence of culture upon health and related outcomes, health care ___________ should be culturally competent in order to provide ___________ health care to patients. Cultural competency means considering many options and being more careful about making judgments. For example, scars and bruises that suggest abuse in western culture could ___________ be symbols of accepted healing methods or sacred rituals. ___________, different parts of the body are considered sacred in different cultures.

Cultural competency in healthcare ___________ four major challenges for providers. The first is the straightforward challenge of recognizing clinical ___________ among people of different ethnic and racial groups, e. g. , higher ___________ of hypertension in African Americans and of diabetes in certain Native American groups.

The second, and far more complicated, challenge is ___________. This deals with everything from the need for interpreters to nuances of words in various languages. Many patients, even in western cultures, are ____________to talk with their doctors about such personal matters as sexual activity or chemical use. How do we overcome this ____________ among more restricted cultures?

The third challenge is ethics. ____________ western medicine is among the best in the world, we do not have all the ____________. Respect for the belief systems of others and the effects of those beliefs on well-being are critically important to competent care.

The final challenge involves ____________. For some patients, authority figures are immediately mistrusted, sometimes for good reason. Having seen or been victims of atrocities (暴行) at the hands of authorities in their homelands, many people are as ____________ of caregivers themselves as they are of the care.

4 . On September 3, 1928, Alexander Fleming was hard at work. His _______ was to study bacteria in a lab. While working, Fleming found mold (霉菌) on one of his Petri dishes. And when he looked _______, he saw something _______. The bacteria he studied were also _______ all over the dish, but they weren't growing on the spots that had mold. He _______ whether the bacteria were driven away by the mold. After more tests, Fleming found that it was doing just that. And he learned that the mold was a _______ called Penicillium.

Fleming believed that he could turn the mold into medicine to _______ infections. This medicine was the world's first antibiotic (抗生素). Fleming first _______ it “mold juice.” Later, he _______ the name to “penicillin.” Soon, a team at Oxford University ________ to help. Scientists Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley worked with Fleming. Together, they further ________ penicillin.

The first patient treated with the new drug had a bad ________. His name was Albert Alexander. After a few ________ with penicillin, he felt much better. However, they ________ the medicine. The infection came back, and ________ Alexander passed away. Still, the doctors had learned that penicillin could fight bacteria. They just needed to ________ more of it. Later, Florey and Chain flew to the United States. There, they found ways to grow the mold ________. Starting in 1942, penicillin was used to treat World War Ⅱ soldiers.

At that time, diseases were just as ________ for soldiers at war as enemy forces were. Bacterial pneumonia (肺炎) alone ________ 18% of American soldiers to die in the first World War. Thanks to penicillin, that ________ to less than one percent in World War Ⅱ.

The four scientists saved lives and changed the world of medicine forever. Today, antibiotics are used to treat many illnesses.

5 . Promising Vaccine Trials Bring Hope To Coronavirus-Weary World

On December 1, 2020, the United Kingdom became the first western country to give emergency ______ for a COVID-19 vaccine. The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) officials announced they would begin _______ 800,000 doses of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine to 50 British hospitals as early as next week. The initial vaccines will be administered to some of the nation's most ______ citizens — nursing home residents, health workers, and the elderly.

The vaccines are made using a synthetic Messenger ribonucleic acid (核糖核酸), or mRNA, that contains ______ about the coronavirus’s signature spike protein (突刺蛋白). When injected into the body, it provides the immune system a _______ of what the threat looks like and allows it to prepare the antibodies needed to neutralize the virus if a person gets infected. This is different from traditional vaccines, which _______ the immune system by injecting weakened viruses that cannot reproduce themselves very effectively.

The _____ approach has several advantages. Since it does not use a live virus, there is little danger of the vaccinated person being infected with the coronavirus. mRNA vaccines are also easier and faster to mass-produce.

However, questions about how long the vaccines will provide protection and their _____ across various age groups and ethnicities are yet to be answered. Also, at an expected price of between $15 to $25 per dose, the immunizations will be expensive to extend, especially since each person needs two shots to obtain full ______.

______, Pfizer's BNT162b2 must be stored at a temperature of minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit (-70 degrees Celsius), and once melted, it lasts just five days in regular refrigerators. This means that the countries wishing to use the vaccination will first have to build cold storage _______. Moderna's mRNA-1273 will be a slightly easier choice since it can be stored in a regular medical freezer for up to six months. It also remains ______ in a standard refrigerator for up to a month after melting.

“Today’s emergency use authorization in the U.K. ______ a historic moment in the fight against COVID-19. This authorization is a goal we have been working toward since we first declared that science will win, and we ______ the MHRA for their ability to conduct a careful assessment and take timely action to help protect the people of the U.K.,” Albert Bourla, chairman and CEO of Pfizer, said in a press release.

Pfizer and Moderna are not the only ones competing to find a way to stop the spread of this deadly virus that has brought the world to a halt. With the world's greatest minds working together, there is little doubt that the coronavirus will be eliminated. However, given the extent of its ______, it will take some time. Until then, we must all continue to take the precautions recommended by medical experts.

6 . Last month, I slept through a flight from London to Beijing. Upon waking up, I was shocked to discover that I could no longer _______ my right arm and fingers. My arm just simply did not follow my brain’s _______ , as if it no longer _______ my body.

The doctor at the Sino Japanese Friendship Hospital _______ me to have suffered neural (神经的) injury. Aside from _______ that I see a physiotherapist (理疗师), he only told me, “Rest for two months first and come back for_______ check-up. ”

In that moment of _______ , a long-time family friend, who is an acupuncturist in Sichuan, _______to help. I started my acupuncture _______ the next day. I was sceptical at first, but my ________ was soon beaten by the results. After a few days, I could move my ________ Two weeks later, I could have meals using chopsticks. After a month, my arm and fingers were almost back to their ________ functions.

In that clinic, I heard many other patients’ ________ . One 11-year-old boy, who was born with ________ autism (自闭症), was treated at the age of three, and now he communicates quite ________ One lady, who suddenly became deaf two months ago, has just ________ her hearing.

I’m surprised at how these ________ needles can cure so many illnesses, many of which even big hospitals with expensive medical devices ________ with. Is it magic? No! But it is the right ________ of the Chinese tradition that brings ________ and happiness to friends here and farther.

7 . With the plaster cast（石膏绷带）on my arm for weeks，I returned to the hospital to have it removed.

The doctor cut away my cast and asked me to _______ my arm. When moving it in every possible way, I was _______ by the fact that my elbow（肘）was actually fixed, which made me more interested in the job of the doctor. I began to think that he had a secret _______ that only a few people in the world had, and I wondered what it was. From then on, I was sure that I would become a doctor like him one day. At the age of four, I was already_______to discover the art of healing and share it with the world.

As my mom and I made our way out of the hospital that day I released her hand and ran away. I wanted to _______ my experience with everyone. I found an elderly man _______ from a wheelchair and ran to help him, saying, “Don’t worry, Grandpa. The doctor will fix your _______. Look how he fixed my arm!” I then showed him my newly _______ elbow. He gave me the biggest smile. I waved goodbye to the man and felt _______ to have shared my good fortune with someone who truly needed it.

Thirteen years has passed by since that day, and many things have changed. ________, I am still determined to discover the art of healing, even though I now know it is not as ________ as I originally thought. Last summer I had a chance to volunteer in ________ medical environments where I learned how to encourage patients to eat the healthy food they ________, and what doctors do when a child refuses a throat swab. Each of these experiences has taught me a lot, but most importantly they have further promoted my interest in ________. Although I have not yet discovered the art of healing, I know that every year I get ________ to it.

8 . As we all know, washing our hands helps stop the spread of illnesses. It seems so _________, but it took one doctor, many experiments and a lot of opposition before the _________ was accepted.

In 1846, Ignaz Semmelweis was working in a _________ in Vienna. He saw many women dying of a particular type of fever and he wanted to figure out the _________. So Dr. Semmelweis began experimenting by _________ two groups of women-one with male doctors and medical students _________ their babies and the other with women midwives (产婆) doing that.

It _________ that more women were dying in the ward with the male doctors and medical students. Semmelweis then conducted experiments with _________ conditions, none of which produced any changes in the _________. He tried getting the mothers in the doctors’ wards to deliver babies and __________ mental stress and worry, but there were no changes.

________, Semmelweis discovered one key difference: The doctors and medical students were performing other __________ while the midwives were just there to help deliver babies. Semmelweis then __________ his doctors to wash their hands after completing them and the number of __________ in their wards went down!

Nowadays, no one __________ that handwashing is one of the best things to do for staying healthy and stopping the spread of disease.

9 . Does the fear of public speaking bring you to your knees? You're not ______. "I can't wait to ______ this stage,” you say to yourself. "I just want to run and hide. This is not going ______." That is exactly what those with a fear of public speaking are ______.

This fear of public speaking is a type of social anxiety disorder. People with social anxiety disorder in general find ______ a social situation to be a matter of great concern. They ______ that actions or behaviors associated with their ______ will be negatively(负面地) evaluated by others, leading them to feel ______. This worry often causes them to ______ social situations.

This fear is more ______ than sweaty hands and a tied tongue. The Anxiety and Depression Association of America ______, "People with social anxiety disorder are also at increased risk of ______ major depressive disorders."

The disorders often start in ______ people-a shy child who won't take part in class even though he ______ the answers, or is ______ on play dates-and grow as the child becomes an adult.

How to ______ such fear? Start with ______things. Instead of being keynote ______, you can begin with giving a talk in front of one other person. And then gradually turn the heat up in terms of making the situation more anxiety-provoking (引起焦虑的).

Medication(药物治疗) is a(n) ______, too. But the first step may simply be practicing a speech in front of a mirror, or alone in a(n) ______ room. Also, learn to slow down and breathe. And buy into the idea that your life will be better if you overcome your fear.

10 . Oscar, a two year old cat, lives in a nursing home, where people stay when they are very ill or at the end of their lives. Every day, Oscar ______ in and out of the patients’ rooms. The nurses say that he is just like a ______. He looks at each patient and ______. Then he usually leaves the room. ______, when Oscar decides to stay and gets on the bed next to the patient, the nurses ______ the doctor and the patient’s family. According to the nurses, Oscar has accurately ______ the death of 25 patients so far.

Oscar’s story is just a story. ______ has done research to ______ how accurate Oscar really is. However, two research studies have found that some dogs can ______ cancer.

In the first study, cancer patients ______ into tubes. Researchers then ______ five dogs to sit or lie down ______ they smelled the breath samples with cancer. Next came the ______ test. The dogs smelled more than 150 different breath samples. On average, they ______ 93 percent of the cancer samples.

In the second study, several dogs identified a sample that the researchers ______ was cancer-free. The researchers sent it back for more lab tests. This time, the tests showed that the sample ______ did show signs of cancer. The dogs identified cancer that the first tests ______!

What makes dogs a species of animal that is so ______ detecting cancer? Diseases such as cancer produce smells. Dogs can ______ as much as 10,000 times better than people.

Will a visit to the doctor soon include a sniff from a friendly animal? Some people think this is not a(n) ______ idea. It is less expensive than a lab test, and it doesn’t hurt!