2 . Three paralysed (瘫痪的) men, who were told they would spend the rest of their lives in a wheelchair, are able to walk again, thanks to an electrical device, which was placed around the men’s spines (脊柱) and boosted signals from their brains to their legs.

The first patient to be treated was 30-year-old Swiss man David M’zee, who suffered a severe spinal injury several years ago in a sporting accident. David’s doctor said he would never walk again. However, thanks to the electrical device developed by a team at a public research university in Lausanne, Switzerland, he agreed to take part in a trial led by Dr. Courtine at the university.

“I came with my daughter, Charlotte, who was one month old at the time. As we approached David, he looked her in the eye and said, ‘I will walk before you,’” Dr Courtine recalls. “When Charlotte took her first step she was 14 months old, by which time David was walking by Lake Geneva. He said to her, ‘I have beaten you.’”

David can now walk up to eight paces when the device is switched off and this is the first time that this has been recorded in a chronic (慢性的) spinal injury. However, out of the lab, in the real world, it is hard for David to walk more than a few paces. The signals from the device soon become uncomfortable and so can’t be used all the time. The system is also expensive and not reliable enough to be used out of the laboratory for day-to-day use, so it’s far from a cure.

David is the first of three patients who have benefited from the first wave of the treatment. Two other men have also managed to walk again, to various degrees.

The researchers plan to begin larger trials in Europe and the US in the next few years. If these go well, the researchers are confident the system could become more widely available.

1. How does the electrical device help the paralysed walk again?

A．By straightening the spines.	B．By making the brains recover.
C．By signaling the legs to move.	D．By making use of a wheelchair.

2. Why does Dr. Courtine mention his daughter?

A．To point out David’s weakness.	B．To explain David’s failure to walk.
C．To show the speed of David’s recovery.	D．To prove his daughter’s athletic ability.

3. What is the problem with the device?

A．It is hard for typical patients to operate.	B．It is unreliable when used out of the lab.
C．It always makes patients uncomfortable.	D．It sometimes sends wrong signals to legs.

4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．The device can cure paralysis.	B．The device has been widely used.
C．The device will be tested globally.	D．The device has a potential market.

3 . When Arvin Kuipers, who graduated from Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in 2017 and loves Chinese culture, asks his patients to stick out their tongue so he can diagnose(诊断) their illness, many are confused.

Kuipers, 30, practicing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Amsterdam in the Netherlands, said, “In TCM I need to do face and tongue diagnosis. That’s strange for people in my country.” One elderly woman had been visiting him occasionally for advice, but her first experience with TCM surprised her. She had never experienced acupuncture (针灸) or any other TCM treatment. “She came in, and I examined her face and tongue,” said Kuipers. “I told the patient her kidneys were not doing well and that she wasn’t getting proper sleep.” The woman was shocked by his insight and asked if he had been spying on her. “Actually, it was easy to diagnose her condition when I saw the dark rings under her eyes. Her energy levels were also very low at the time.”

Kuipers opened his TCM clinic in September. Most of his work involves performing acupuncture, cupping as well as tuina — a TCM massage that patients in the West like the most, he said. In some cases he also gave his patients traditional herbal medicines.

Kuipers usually makes a cup of Chinese tea to calm his patients if they are nervous about the acupuncture needles. He also explains to them the meridian (经络) system, which is a central concept of TCM, yin and yang, and other concepts. “In TCM, good health requires balanced yin and yang, so practitioners not only pay attention to a patient’s illness, but also to his or her overall physical condition,” said Kuipers. “TCM is also a different culture and offers a new perspective, instead of being a curing method.”

As of early April, Kuipers has treated more than 200 patients, many of whom come to his clinic every week. “TCM does work, and works well. My patients really feel better with it, so I value it, and when my patients feel better I also feel better.”

1. What can we learn from the elderly woman’s story in paragraph 2?

A．The elderly woman trusted TCM treatment in the beginning.

B．TCM is very different from the treatment in her country.

C．The elderly woman used to visit Kuipers a lot for TCM.

D．The elderly woman was shocked at her kidney s not doing well

2. Which TCM treatment is most welcomed by the patients in the West?

A．Tuina.

B．Acupuncture.

C．Cupping.

D．Herbal medicines.

3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?

A．Why Kuipers’ patients are fond of Chinese tea.

B．How Kuipers explains meridian system to his patients.

C．How Kuipers applies Chinese culture and treatments to patients.

D．Why Kuipers pays little attention to overall physical condition.

4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A．To praise Kuipers for his TCM treatments.

B．To stress the value of teaching foreigners TCM.

C．To show the popularity of TCM with patients in the Netherlands.

D．To tell the story of Kuipers practising TCM in the Netherlands.

4 . “Going wireless is the future for just about everything!” That is a quote from scientist Sreekanth Chalasani, and we can’t help but agree. Realizing this, a team of scientists has made a breakthrough toward wirelessly controlling human cells using sound, in a technique called “sonogenetics (声遗传学).” This concept may seem strange but let us explain.

Basically, the term “sonogenetics” means using ultrasound (超声波) to change the behavior of cells in a non-invasive manner. “We already know that ultrasound is safe, and that it can go through bone, muscle and other tissues, making it the ultimate tool for controlling cells deep in the body,” says Chalasani.

Low-frequency ultrasound waves can target a particular protein that is sensitive to the signal. This research, published in Nature Communications, focused on TRPA1. When this protein is stimulated through the ultrasound waves, it also stimulates the cells which carry it. What type of cell is being stimulated depends on the outcome. For example, a muscle cell may contract with stimulation, or a neuron (神经元) in the brain will fire. In this experiment, scientists genetically marked cells with an increased concentration of TRPA1, making them the key targets of the ultrasound waves.

Currently, treating conditions like Parkinson’s disease requires scientists to implant electrodes (电极) in the brain which stimulate certain disordered cells. Researchers hope that sonogenetics can one day replace these invasive treatments.

In the future, the team wants to adjust the placement and amount of TRPAI around the body using the gene treatment. Gene delivery techniques have already been shown to be successful in humans, such as in treating blindness. Therefore, it’s just a case of adjusting this theory to a different sound-based setting.

“Gene delivery techniques already exist for getting a new gene—such as TRPA1—into the human heart,” Chalasani says. “If we can then use an external ultrasound device to activate those cells, that could really change pacemakers.” There is still a while to go before this treatment can become a reality. The future for sonogenetics, though, looks bright.

1. What’s working principle for sonogenetics?

A．Using medicine interventional therapies.

B．Changing cells’ shape with new equipment.

C．Controlling cells in a non-invasive manner.

D．Using a kind of unique medical composition.

2. What did the scientists do in the experiment?

A．Change the concentration of the protein.

B．Find target cells for treatment precisely.

C．Analyze the protein sensitive to the sign.

D．Choose the type of cell to be stimulated.

3. What can we learn about sonogenetics from Paragraphs 4 and 5?

A．It can be applied to other fields besides medicine.

B．It may replace some traditional medical therapies.

C．It will totally transform gene delivery techniques.

D．It has succeeded in curing diseases like blindness.

4. What’s the best title for the text?

A．Can cells be controlled by sound?

B．How is sonogenetics clinically used?

C．Are gene delivery techniques available?

D．What are applications of sonogenetics?

5 . Reasonable people should not have blind faith in the medical profession.     1     We have to check out the medicine we take. We have to ask for second and even third opinions. We must do some research. We have to use our common sense and be informed about our health care.

While it is true that modern Western medicine has risks, we shouldn’t reject it totally.     2     Most people who get good medical care are healthier and live longer.

If this is the case why has “alternative” health care become so popular in North America and Europe? Often the fear of surgery motivates people to look for these alternatives. Many people think that these treatments will help even when the situation seems hopeless to Western doctors.     3     Surgeons perform dangerous surgery, but natural healers (治疗师) do not seem to give dangerous treatments. People don’t think alternative care would kill anyone by mistake.     4     No one wants to go to a doctor in a cold hospital clinic. Since some doctors don’t have a nice “bedside manner”, people like the attention they get from alternative healers.

    5     All doctors and healers are human beings who can make mistakes. They can miss things and waste valuable time. No matter what happens, we have to think about all of the different options. Remember, there are millions of patients who are alive and well today because of “conventional” Western medicine.

A．Some alternative treatments are ineffective.

B．In addition everyone wants to be treated warmly.

C．We have to realize that there will be risks in almost any treatment.

D．Alternative treatments are attractive because they seem less harmful.

E．Patients who trust their doctors are more likely to follow treatment plans.

F．We all have to get more information about the treatments that we are given.

G．The harm to the patients usually comes from not getting medical treatment immediately.

7 . Digital Medicine

Could the next suggestion from your doctor be downloading an app? Collectively known as digital medicine, a large number of apps in use or under development can now detect or monitor mental and physical disorders or directly administer therapies.     1    

Many detection aids rely on mobile devices to record such features as users’ voices, locations, facial expressions, exercise and sleep; then they apply artificial intelligence to mark the possible change of a condition. Some smart watches, for instance, contain a sensor that automatically detects and warns people of a dangerous heart rate.     2     These wearable detection aids will not replace a doctor any time soon but can be helpful partners in stressing concerns that need follow-up.     3     Some are being developed to detect things such as cancerous DNA, stomach bleeds, body temperature and oxygen levels. The sensors inside your body can then send the data to apps for recording.

    4     For the most part, those intended to diagnose or treat disorders must be proved safe and effective in clinical trials and earn regulatory approval; some may need a doctor’s permission.

Clearly, society must move into the future of digital medicine with care — ensuring that the apps go through strict testing, protect privacy and go smoothly into doctors’ work. With such protections in place, healthcare costs could be saved by marking unhealthy behaviours and helping people to make changes before diseases set in.     5     For researchers, the patterns that emerge will provide them with novel ideas for how best to build healthier habits and prevent diseases.

A．For doctors, applying AI to the data from these apps could help them personalize patient care.

B．These data also help doctors detect diseases and help patients change their behaviors.

C．Other similar tools can detect breathing disorders, depression and other conditions.

D．They can both help diagnose symptoms and enhance traditional medical care.

E．Detection aids can also take the form of eatable and sensor-bearing pills.

F．Digital medicine has been widely used in all aspects of life nowadays.

G．Not all healthcare apps can be used as digital medicine.

8 . PRACTITIONERS

Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.	James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician.	Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.

1. What did Jacqueline and James have in common?

A．Doing teaching jobs.	B．Being hired as physicians.
C．Performing surgery.	D．Being banned from medicine.

2. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners?

A．She wrote a book.	B．She went through trials.
C．She worked as a dentist.	D．She had formal education.

3. Who was the first African American with a medical degree?

A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania.	B．Tan Yunxian.
C．James Barry.	D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler.

9 . It’s quite common for some people to forget to take their medicines. Others might get well before finishing the prescription and no longer need the leftovers. No matter what the reason might be, unused medicines are likely to do serious harm to children or pets.     1    

To deal with unwanted medicines, quite a number of people simply throw old pills into the garbage or flush(冲掉)them down the toilets.     2     Some medicines can become poisonous over a period of time, and others contain powerful chemicals, which might damage water pipes, pollute the environment, or even cause harm to people and animals. Where and how to treat those medicines?

    3     These places often have drop-off bins for collecting unwanted medicines. Professionals there will help you get rid of those medical wastes. Police stations and fire departments may also have drop boxes where drugs can be safely thrown away. Some medical items have special guidelines for disposal(处置). Used needles that are sharp and may cause infections and diseases must be thrown away at specially designated zones.Inhalers, which are likely to explode, should also be taken to specific places.To find out where to drop off these items, call a local hospital or police station.     4    

Lastly, when handling the prescription medicines,separate pills from packaging that contains personal information.     5     Doing this will ensure that your medical information remains hidden from anyone who is digging around in the garbage.

A．Both methods, however, can be harmful.

B．They will direct you to a safe disposal location.

C．The outcome depends on what are in the medicines.

D．The best way is to take them to a drugstore or hospital.

E．Names were changed to protect the privacy of those involved.

F．Therefore, all medicines should be thrown away if no longer needed.

G．Cross out drug names and the names of healthcare providers on the labels.

10 . Cooking or baking has become a common cure for stress or feeling down, but there might actually be some science behind it. A study conducted by researchers followed 658 people for two weeks and found that a little creativity each day can go a long way towards happiness and satisfaction in daily life.

“There is growing recognition in psychology research that creativity is associated with emotional functioning,” Tamlin Conner, lead author on the study, explained. “However, most of this work focuses on how emotions benefit or prevent creativity, not whether creativity benefits or hampers (妨碍) emotional well-being.” By following detailed diaries kept by the study subjects, Conner found that in addition to feeling happier, people who worked on little creative projects every day also felt they were “flourishing”—a psychological term that describes the feeling of personal growth.

This isn’t the first time researchers have drawn a line connecting making food with positive feelings. In recent years, psychologists have started spending more time exploring cooking and baking as a therapeutic (治疗的) tool to help people dealing with things like depression and anxiety.

“When I’m in the kitchen, measuring the amount of sugar or butter I need for a recipe—I am in control,” baker John Whaite, who won “The Great British Bake Off” in 2012, told BBC.

For people like Whaite, who is suffering from manic depression, baking can help their mood by providing small tasks to focus on in a manner similar to meditation (冥想). In order to put together a good meal, cooks have to be constantly in the moment, adding ingredients, adjusting the heat of the stove and tasting their food—all of which can be helpful techniques in treating some forms of mental illness.

“A lot of us turn to baking when we’re feeling low.” Melanie Denyer, the founder of the Depressed Cake Shop, a bakery designed to draw awareness to mental health conditions, says. “Some of us even started baking because they were ill and needed something simple as a focus. And there is genuinely something very therapeutic about baking.”

Baking may not be a be-all and end-all cure for mental illness, but anyone in need of lifted spirits should consider pulling out the flour and warming up the oven.

1. What is the focus of most psychology research on creativity and emotions?

A．The benefits of creative projects on emotions.

B．The impacts of emotion on creativity.

C．The harm of creativity to emotional well-being.

D．The effects of creativity on emotional well-being.

2. Why do some psychologists explore cooking as a therapeutic tool?

A．To provide an alternative form of meditation.

B．To promote healthy and balanced eating habits.

C．To assist individuals in handling mental problems.

D．To help people with serious physical illnesses.

3. How did John Whaite benefit from baking?

A．It won him “The Great British Bake Off”.

B．It helped him gain a sense of control.

C．It cured his depression through meditation.

D．It enabled him to become more creative.

4. What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Cooking and baking are creative activities.

B．Baking is a complete cure for mental illness.

C．Small creative tasks lead to improved emotional well-being.

D．Following recipes leads to personal growth in creativity.