1 . TECFIDERA
What is TECFIDERA?
● TECFIDERA is a prescription (处方) medicine used to treat people with multiple sclerosis, a serious illness that gradually destroys your nerves, making you weak and unable to walk.
● It is not known if TECFIDERA is safe and effective in children under 18 years of age.
Before taking and while you take TECFIDERA, tell your doctor if you have or have had low white blood cell counts or any other medical conditions.
Tell your doctor if you are:
● pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if TECFIDERA will harm your unborn baby.
If you become pregnant while taking TECFIDERA, talk to your doctor about joining in the TECFIDERA Pregnancy Registry. You can join in this registry by calling 1-800-456-2255. The purpose of this registry is to monitor the health of you and your baby.
● breastfeeding (母乳喂养) or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if TECFIDERA passes into your breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you will take TECFIDERA or breastfeed.
How should I take TECFIDERA?
● Take TECFIDERA exactly as your doctor tells you to take it.
● The recommended starting dose (剂量) is one 120 mg capsule taken by mouth 2 times a day for 7 days.
● The recommended dose after 7 days is one 240 mg capsule taken by mouth 2 times a day.
● TECFIDERA can be taken with or without food.
● Swallow TECFIDERA whole. Do not press, chew, or put capsule contents in food.
● Protect TECFIDERA from light. You can do this by storing the capsules in their original container.
Throw away opened TECFIDERA after 90 days.
What are the possible side effects of TECFIDERA?
TECFIDERA may cause serious side effects including decreases in your white blood cell count, sickness, redness, stomach pain and so on.
Redness and stomach problems are the most common reactions, especially at the start of the treatment, but they should decrease over time. Call your doctor if you have any of these symptoms and they bother you or do not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of TECFIDERA. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at 1-800-FDA-1088.
1. Before taking TECFIDERA, your do NOT have to tell your doctor if you are ______.| A．under 18 years old | B．breastfeeding |
| C．expecting a baby | D．above 90 years old |
| A．Increasing the dose by 2 times every 7 days. |
| B．Never dividing the capsule by any means while taking it. |
| C．Taking it exactly as the instructions show. |
| D．Never taking it on an empty stomach. |
| A．contact FDA | B．report your doctor for prescribing the wrong medicine |
| C．have a high white blood cell count | D．have some eye problems |
2 . Basic Steps of CPR Everyone Should Know
Do you know how to offer first aid if a person has an accident and stops breathing but there is no doctor available at hand? Applying CPR is usually helpful when emergencies such as a heart attack occurs. Read this CPR guide now so you know what to do if someone is experiencing a life-threatening (威胁生命) emergency.
Step 1. Position your hands.
Make sure the patient is lying on his back on a firm surface. Kneel beside him and place your hand on the center of the chest. Keep your arms straight, cover the first hand with the other hand and interlock (紧扣) the fingers of both hands together. Keep your fingers raised so they do not touch the patient’s chest.
Step 2. .
Push the breastbone up and down to a depth of about 5 cm about 30 times, at a rate of 100 beats per minute.
Step 3. Give rescue breaths.
Make sure the airway is open, and pinch (捏) the nose so it closes. Gently raise the chin (下巴) upwards with two fingers of your other hand. Take a deep breath, put your mouth over the patient’s, and blow until you can see his chest, rise.Then remove your mouth from the patient’s and look along the chest, watching the chest fall. To get another breath, lift your head and breathe in deeply. Perform Step 3 again.
Step 4. Repeat chest compressions (按压) and rescue breaths.
Repeat the 30 chest compressions followed by the two breaths about five times, and then check for normal breathing. If that person is not breathing normally, continue performing CPR. If breathing restarts as normal, stay with the injured person until help arrives.
First aid is an important life skill that everyone should learn. The more people who learn CPR, the more lives can be saved in the future.
1. We should do CPR at once, when someone ________.| A．suffers an accident and stops breathing |
| B．is hit by a car and can’t move |
| C．is suffering a serious headache |
| D．has a serious bleeding |
| A．Interlock the fingers | B．Open the airway |
| C．Press the chest | D．Start the breath |
A． | B． |
C． | D． |
| A．describe the dangerous experience |
| B．encourage people to care for others |
| C．show the damage of a heart attack |
| D．explain the steps to apply CPR |
3 . About aspirin:
Aspirin is a commonly used drug which can be taken to relieve discomfort caused by numerous medical problems including headaches, toothache, inflammation and infections. It is also suitable to treat colds and flu-like symptoms, and to reduce a high temperature.
Who can take aspirin?
Adults and children over 16 years of age.
Who should not take aspirin?
Women who are pregnant, or plan to become pregnant. Aspirin may harm your unborn baby.
Women who are breast-feeding. Aspirin can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby.
People who have any problems with the way the liver works or with the way the kidneys work.
How to take aspirin:
Take aspirin after meals, with a full glass of water or milk.
The recommended dose (剂量) ranges from two to three tablets at a time. Never take more than 4g 12 tablets) in any 24 -hour period.
You must not take these tablets with any other medicine which contains any aspirin or painkiller.
How to store aspirin:
Keep all medicines out of the reach and sight of children.
Store aspirin in a cool, dry place, away from direct heat and light.
Do not put aspirin in the bathroom because the dampness there can cause it to lose its effectiveness.
Throw away aspirin that smells strongly of vinegar.
Possible side effects:
Feeling sick, increased risk of bleeding, stomach pain, indigestion and heartburn are common. If these effects continue, contact your doctor.
Ringing in the ears, difficulty breathing, dizziness, and mental confusion are rare. If these occur, stop taking the drug and contact your doctor for further advice.
1. In which case will you take aspirin according to the text?| A．Stomachache. | B．Fever. |
| C．Breathlessness. | D．Nosebleed. |
| A．6. | B．5. | C．4. | D．3. |
| A．A hospital announcement. | B．A medical report. |
| C．A doctor’s suggestions list. | D．Medical instructions. |
The hospital can sleep 800 patients. There’re 8 beds in each ward (病房). The visiting hours are in the afternoon from 2:30 to 3:30 and in the evening from 7:00 to 8:00. But
remember only two people can see you at the same time. Sorry about that, but you can see what would happen if we didn’t have these rules.The other rules are about our hours. We start quite early—you might not be used to that. We wake you at 6 o'clock, and breakfast is at 8 o'clock, lunch is at noon.
There’s tea at 3:30 and supper is at 6 o'clock.
You can see the non-smoking sign — we don’t allow smoking in the wards. I’m sure you understand why. However, if you do need to smoke, there are some smoking rooms where it is allowed.
You will find the radio switch (开关) on the wall near your bed, with your own headphones, if you want to listen. It’s our own hospital radio wishing you a quick recovery (康复).
1. Who do you think the listeners might be?
| A．Patients. | B．Visitors. |
| C．Doctors | D．Nurses |
| A．8 | B．80 |
| C．100 | D．800 |
| A．Listening to the hospital radio. | B．Visiting patients in the morning. |
| C．Smoking in smoking-rooms. | D．Getting up early in the morning. |
| A．Hospital rules. | B．A weather report. |
| C．A free talk. | D．A music program. |
Section C
Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.(本题请涂在答题卡上)
(D)
A. Different types of surgery operation.
B. Room for future development.
C. Amazing advancement in today’s surgery.
D. Changes in surgery specialization.
E. Negative response from the patients.
F. The improved safety of today’s operation.
| 76.__________________ |
The need for a surgery operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an unreasonable fear of hospitals and operations. Patients do not often believe they really need surgery-cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.
| 77._______________ |
In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of 50 years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. Even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live. However, not one surgeon is qualified to perform every type of the modern operation.
| 78.__________________ |
The scope of surgery has increased remarkably. Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910. And due to the high success rate of operations nowadays, the hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after the operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.
| 79.____________________ |
Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves, the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye and the lung machined to keep patients alive during long operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery.
| 80.__________________ |
However, still large is the gap between our dream for the future and current technology. “Spare parts” surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you, “yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition.”
The breakthrough came after 40 years of research by Professor Geoff Raisman, who found that cells had the possibility to repair damage to nasal (鼻腔的) nerves, the only part of the nervous system that constantly re-grows. “The idea was to take something from an area where the nervous system can repair itself, and does so throughout life, and put it into an area that doesn’t repair itself,” Professor Raisman said.
Polish doctors injected the nasal cells into Mr Fidyka’s spinal cord above and below the injury and used some nerves from his ankle to form a bridge across the damaged tissue. The nasal cells appear to have caused the spinal nerves to repair themselves.
Professor Raisman achieved this with rats in the late 1990s, but this is his greatest success. “I think the moment of discovery for me was Christmas in 1997 when I first saw a rat that couldn’t control its hand put its hand out to me. That was an exciting moment, because I realized then that my belief that the nervous system could be repaired was true.”
Doctors chose the easiest case for their first attempt — it might not work for others. But there is a real sense of hope that an idea once thought impossible has been realized.
David Nicholls, who helped provide money for the breakthrough, said information about the breakthrough would be made available to researchers across the globe.
“What you’ve got to understand is that for three million paralysed people in the world today, the world looks a totally brighter place than it did yesterday,” he said.
1. Why did Professor Geoff Raisman choose cells from the nose?
| A．The nervous system in the nose can repair itself. |
| B．Cells in the nose can be easily transplanted. |
| C．Cells in the nose re-produce rapidly. |
| D．He just wanted to give it a try. |
| A．His study on animals. |
| B．His operation on a paralysed patient. |
| C．His sudden thoughts about Christmas. |
| D．His unusual experience with a sick rat. |
| A．the world is becoming better and brighter |
| B．paralysed people have the hope of recovery |
| C．the report of the breakthrough will be published soon |
| D．researchers across the globe will carry out the operation |
