1 . 语法填空

This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner),    1    research led to the discovery of artemisinin,     2     crucial new treatment for maria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to     3     (improve) health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get maria each year, and about 600, 000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and     4     (think)to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone.

Tu Youyou, a     5    (commit) and patient, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of    6    (scientist) with the objective of     7    (discover) a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers     8     (choose). Her team examined over 2, 000 old medical texts, and    9    (evaluate) 280, 000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments     10     the fight against malaria.

2 . Very few people enjoy going to the dentist, especially for a filling. Often fillings need to be replaced during the patient’s lifetime. But is filling the cavity (蛀牙洞) with a foreign material really the best treatment? Is it possible that the tooth could repair itself with its own material — dentine (牙质)? Researchers at King’s College London have found a process that may replace the traditional method.

Paul Sharpe of King’s College London says the new treatment for cavities is simpler. It uses a drug that causes the tooth to fill in the hole naturally with dentine. “It involves putting a drug in the hole. It excites a natural process, which starts to occur anyway following the damage, so you can actually get the big hole repaired and the repair is the production of the natural material, the dentine.”

Usually a new drug requires repeated testing before it is approved for treatment. However, this drug that produces the regrowth material in teeth has already been approved. It is a drug used to treat Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders of the nervous system. Researchers explain that they use only a small amount and they use it locally. Usually that means the medicine is put directly on the affected area. It does not travel through the patient’s blood.

Nigel Carter heads Britain’s Oral Health Foundation. He describes the new treatment as an exciting possibility for dental care. But Carter also has a warning, “Actually regrowing the tooth that has been lost with a cavity would be really a huge step forward. But it's also important that we remember that filling the cavity is not the first place. It’s a preventable disease.”

1. When it comes to the dental treatment, researchers at King’s College London focus on        .

A．why the cavity must be filled	B．what skills dentists should learn
C．when people have to see a dentist	D．how the tooth can repair itself

2. The advantage of the new treatment for cavities mostly lies in        .

A．the full use of a new drug	B．the natural process of tooth repair
C．the good quality of filling materials	D．the practical way of finding the damage early

3. What do we know about the drug used for the new dental treatment?

A．It has little effect on Alzheimer’s disease.

B．It is being tested before it gets final approval.

C．It has been put to use for treating other diseases.

D．It travels through the patients' blood and has side effects.

4. Which of the following would Nigel Carter most probably agree with?

A．We should take good care of our teeth in daily life.

B．When you find the cavity, it is unnecessary to get it filled.

C．Taking exercise is the best way to prevent dental disease.

D．When you find a damaged tooth, you'd better repair it.

3 . For centuries, people in Baltic nations have used amber(琥珀) for medical purposes. Even today, children are given amber necklaces that they chew to lighten toothache, and people put amber powder in some medicine for its special effects.

Now, scientists have found compounds(化合物) that help explain amber’s effects and that could lead to new medicines to combat antibiotic-resistant(耐抗生素的) infections. Each year in the U.S., at least 2.8 million people get antibiotic-resistant infections, leading to 35,000 deaths, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “We knew from previous research that there were substances in Baltic amber that might lead to new antibiotics, but they had not been systematically explored,” says Elizabeth Ambrose, Ph. D., who is the main investigator of the project. “We have now identified several compounds in Baltic amber that show activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.”

Ambrose showed interest originally while she visited a family in Lithuania. She collected amber samples and heard stories about their medicinal uses. The Baltic Sea region contains the world’s largest deposit of the material, which formed about 44 million years ago. Ambrose and graduate student Connor McDermott, who are at the University of Minnesota, analyzed commercially available Baltic amber samples, in addition to some Ambrose had collected. “One major challenge was preparing a similar fine powder from the amber that could be got,” McDermott explains.

Through trial and error, dozens of compounds were identified. Because these compounds are difficult to purify, the researchers bought pure samples and sent them to a company that tested their activity against nine bacterial species, some of which are known to be antibiotic resistant. “The most important finding is that these compounds are active against gram-positive bacteria,” McDermott says. Gram-positive bacteria have a less complex cell wall than gram-negative bacteria.

1. Why do the people in Baltic nations give their children amber necklaces?

A．They can help relieve toothache.

B．They are beautiful decorations.

C．They can cure common disease.

D．They symbolize good luck for children.

2. What does “combat” underlined in the second paragraph mean?

A．Combine.

B．Resist.

C．Produce.

D．Affect.

3. What does Elizabeth Ambrose find?

A．Antibiotic-resistant infections cause many deaths.

B．Something in Baltic amber might lead to new antibiotics.

C．People haven’t explored the real uses of Baltic amber.

D．Baltic amber can fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

4. What inspired Ambrose’s enthusiasm about the research?

A．The success of former researchers.

B．The encouragement of her family.

C．The amber could be applied medically.

D．The beauty of the amber she had collected.