1 . TANAKA KANE became the third person ever to turn 118, according to the Gerontology Research Group, a team of academics. She is also the first citizen of Japan to reach 118—but is unlikely to be the last. The country has the world's longest life expectancy, and 80,000 people aged at 100 years old or older.
The unusual longevity enjoyed in Japan is credited to diet. Japan largely banned meat for l,200 years, and still consumes relatively little meat and dairy. Too much of these can be damaging, since they contain saturated fatty acids(饱和脂肪酸)，which correlate to heart disease. Studies have also tied eating lots of processed red meat to a greater risk of stroke. But too little may be unwise as well, because they provide chemical substance that may be needed for our blood-tube walls. In a study of 48,000 Britons, vegetarians were unusually resistant to heart disease, but likely to suffer from strokes.
In theory, a lack of animal-based food could have contributed to Japan's historical cerebrovascular(脑血管)death rate. In 1960-2013, as the country's deaths from strokes reduced, its annual meat intake rose from near zero to 52kg per person (45% of America's level). Tsugane Shoichiro of the National Cancer Centre in Tokyo says that his citizens may need meat and dairy to keep their blood tubes strong―though not so much that those tubes get blocked.
Some evidence supports this view. One paper from the 1990s found that the parts of Japan where diets had changed most also had the biggest drops in cerebrovascular death rate. Another study, which tracked 80,000 Japanese people in 1995-2009, showed that strokes were most common among those who ate the least chops and cream. Although Japan's decline in cerebrovascular deaths could stem from other causes, these data suggest that nutritional shifts may have helped.
The unhappy irony is that Japan's health gains, paired with a low birth rate, threaten its economy. By 2060, 40% of Japanese could be 60 or older. That would produce more birthday cakes with 118 candles—and fewer great-grandchildren to blow them out.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?| A．To provide evidence. |
| B．To introduce the topic. |
| C．To promote an idea. |
| D．To make comparison. |
| A．A light heart lives long. |
| B．Diet cures more than doctors. |
| C．Happiness lies first of all in health. |
| D．All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. |
| A．It is vital to have meat and dairy. |
| B．It is common to suffer from strokes. |
| C．It is beneficial to change diet habit. |
| D．It is important to eat least cream. |
| A．The less meat and dairy, the better. |
| B．More cakes and candles are needed. |
| C．Medical demand for heart disease is met. |
| D．Longevity and low birth rate affect economy. |
2 . Where do you usually put your toothbrush? Do you keep it in the bathroom? How’s your toothbrush looking these days? Even if you can’t see it with a naked eye, experts say it may be saturated(使饱和)with millions of toilet germs!
Dr. Charles Oerba, a germ expert, is a microbiology professor at the University of Arizona. He says there are approximately 3 million bacteria per square inch in most toilet bowls, and every time you flush it without closing the lid, those millions of bacteria droplets spray into the air as far as twenty feet away and dirty everything in their path. And a common victim is your poor toothbrush, usually, left out on the bathroom sink, right?
So, what do we do? Dr. Gerba says it’s easy. Close the toilet lid before you flush—that’ll greatly cut down the germs, which will otherwise float in the air. And wash your toothbrush every few days in mouthwash or peroxide to get rid of any germs hiding in it. You can even put it through the dishwasher to sanitize(消毒)it. And always store your toothbrush in a closed cabinet.
Here’s one more tip from Dr. Gerba, who says our kitchen sink is probably dirtier than our toilet. “If an alien came from space and studied the bacterial counts, he probably would conclude he should wash his hands in your toilet and go to the bathroom in your sink.” He says that’s because the kitchen sink is a great place where E. coli(大肠杆菌)to live and grow since it’s wet and damp. Bacteria feed on the food that people put down the drain or—that’s left on dishes in the sink. To reset your sink’s bacteria count back to zero, you’d better regularly wash it with hot water and sanitize your sink with special chemicals. In fact, you may want to do it every day or before preparing dinner.
1. What is the purpose of the text?| A．To show how to brush your teeth. |
| B．To tell people the importance of health. |
| C．To warn people of the invisible germs. |
| D．To introduce a microbiology professor. |
| A．Bathroom sinks are the dirtiest places. |
| B．Bacteria are bad for people’s health. |
| C．Why bacteria spread through the air. |
| D．How bacteria spread in the bathroom. |
| A．The food. | B．The toothbrush. |
| C．The sink. | D．The chemical. |
| A．To tell us a fiction story of an alien studying bacteria. |
| B．To show our kitchen sink may be dirtier than our toilet. |
| C．To teach us how to reset sink’s bacteria count back to zero. |
| D．To prove coli prefers to live in the kitchen and the drain. |
3 . Baby foods on market generally contain too much sugar, causing a source of health concern, a new report by World Health Organization (WHO) says.
The United Nations specialized agency on public health based the conclusion on an examination by its European office of about 8, 000 baby food products on shelf between. November 2019 and January 2020. It warns that the very high level of sugars present in commercial products is a cause for concern. They increase the risk of overweight and teeth holes while causing a lifetime eating habit in favor of sugary foods.
“In around half of the products examined, more than 30 percent of calories were from total sugars and around a third of products contained added sugar or other sweetening agents,” the world health body said in the report released on Monday to update guidelines for babies’ diets. The examination that covered more than 500 stores in Austria, Bulgaria, Israel and Hungary also finds the labels of up to 60 percent of the inspected food are misleading consumers by claiming to suit babies under six months old.
In the report, countries are advised to make new laws on controlling high sugar intake, ban added sugars and sweeteners in baby foods, and put an end to the promotion of breast milk substitutes. It also requires labels on candies and sweetened drinks, including fruit juices and condensed (压缩) milk, to state they are not suitable for children under three. Meanwhile, WHO recommends that children between six months and two years be fed nutrient-rich home-prepared foods.
“WHO has long recommended that babies receive only breast milk for the first six months of life. Good nutrition in babyhood and early childhood remains the key to ensuring best child growth and development, and to better health outcomes later in life,” said Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO regional director for Europe, in a statement.
1. How did WHO get the finding?| A．By testing baby foods’ flavour. | B．By examining some baby foods. |
| C．By monitoring baby foods’ production. | D．By conducting an interview about baby foods. |
| A．Some of them are selling poor baby foods. |
| B．They have broken the laws about baby foods. |
| C．Their baby foods have damaged babies’ health. |
| D．They are taking action to change the present situation. |
| A．The experts’ guidance. | B．The consumers’ cooperation. |
| C．The stores’ being closed down. | D．The government’s involvement. |
| A．Condensed milk. | B．Fruit juice. | C．Breast milk. | D．Home-prepared foods. |
4 . Experts are warning about the risks of extremely picky(挑剔的)eating after a teenager living on a diet of chips and crisps developed lasting sight loss. Eye doctors in Bristol cared for the 17-year-old after his sight had gone to the point of blindness. Tests showed he had serious vitamin deficiency(缺乏). Dr. Denize Atan, who treated him at the hospital, said, “His diet was basically a portion of chips from the local fish and chip shop every day. He also used to snack on crisps and sometimes white bread and ham, and not really any fruit and vegetables.”
The teenager saw his doctor at the age of 14 because he had been feeling tired and unwell. At that time he suffered from vitamin B12 deficiency, but he did not stick with the treatment or improve his poor diet. Three years later, he was taken to the Bristol Eye Hospital because of progressive sight loss.
He was not overweight or underweight, but he had lost minerals from his bones, which was really quite shocking for a boy of his age. In terms of his sight loss, he met the standards of being blind. “He had blind spots right in the middle of his sight,” said Dr Denize Atan, “That means he can’t drive and would find it really arduous to read, watch TV or recognize faces.”
Dr Denize Atan said that parents should learn about the harm that can be caused by picky eating, and turn to experts for help. For those who are concerned , she advised, “It’s best not to be anxious about picky eating , and instead calmly introduce one or two new foods with every meal.” She said multivitamin tablets can supplement(补充) a diet, but cannot take the place of eating healthily. “It’s much better to take in vitamins through a varied and balanced diet,” she said, adding that too many certain vitamins , including vitamin A, can be harmful ,“so you don’t want to overdo it.”
1. What does Dr Denize Atan imply in paragraph 1?| A．The diet of the boy is not balanced. |
| B．Fruit and vegetables are rich in vitamins. |
| C．Picky eating is common among teenagers. |
| D．The cause of the boy’s disease is unknown. |
| A．To improve his poor diet. |
| B．To get some help to lose weight. |
| C．To be treated for his discomfort. |
| D．To slow down his progressive sight loss. |
| A．Important. | B．Easy. | C．Necessary. | D．Difficult. |
| A．Reasons why the boy is seriously ill. |
| B．Suggestions for the boy’s family to care for him. |
| C．Advice for parents worried about picky eating. |
| D．Ways of taking in enough vitamins and minerals. |
5 . We all need waler to survive, but the general recommendation has been to drink more and more, with many guidelines now advising a minimum of eight glasses a day. Is there any evidence showing that this makes sense? The short answer is no. Studies looking at water intakes over 10 years in the elderly fail to show any benefits of extra water on kidney function or lifespan.
Clever marketing from bottled water companies has not only convinced us that we need to drink more water, but also that expensive bottled mineral water is somehow better for us. We now drink more bottled water than ever before, with the global industry growing rapidly at 10 percent a year. By 2025, the global market is estimated to be worth ＄215 billion. But research shows that tap water nowadays is perfectly safe, and with added fluoride （氨化物）, it is also good for our teeth. There have been studies showing that tap water contains traces of common pharmaceutical（制药的）drugs, but they have also found the same levels when testing bottled water. Although water in many areas contains chemicals, the levels are too small to make a noticeable difference to our health.
Bottled water has devastating environmental costs, which is self﹣evident as there are already abundant reports on pollution caused by plastic bottles, and no proven health benefits. And, does it taste better?Probably not. On the contrary, there are even blind tastings showing that tap water scores higher than most mineral water.
So, still hesitate when presented with both bottled water and tap water?Probably you should not now. My advice is to stick with tap water: you will be reducing the global environmental cost of half a trillion plastic bottles piling up each year and taking a stand against the power of marketing.
1. According to the first paragraph，we can know________.| A．eight glasses of water a day does harm to the elderly. |
| B．eight glasses of water a day isn't so scientific as we thought. |
| C．water is essential for us to survive. |
| D．drinking extra water benefits our kidney. |
| A．Tap water contains too much common pharmaceutical drugs. |
| B．Bottled water is rich in various minerals. |
| C．People are influenced by bottled water companies' marketing strategies. |
| D．Tap water is not so tasty as bottled water. |
| A．Potential. |
| B．Beneficial. |
| C．Challenging. |
| D．Damaging. |
| A．The more water we drink， the healthier we will be. |
| B．Tap water should become our first choice of drinking. |
| C．Both bottled water and tap water should be our main choices when thirsty. |
| D．Bottled water and tap water both have a lot of advantages. |
6 . It’s hard to turn down hamburgers, French fries, potato chips and all of the other junk food that seem to call out to us. However, eating too much junk food can harm your body, particularly if you’re between the ages of 10 and 19.
“Junk food shapes adolescent brains in ways that weaken their ability to think, learn and remember. It can also make it harder to control impulsive behaviors,” said Amy Reichelt, a brain and nutrition specialist at Western University, Canada. “It may even up a teen’s risk of depression and anxiety.”
Reichelt and two other researchers found adolescents are more sensitive than any other age group to processed foods with a lot of fat and sugar. Adolescent brains are still developing the ability to assess risks and control actions. The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that tells us we shouldn’t eat chips all the time and helps us resist that urge. But this region is the last to mature - it doesn’t fully develop until we are in our early 20s. Meanwhile, teen brains get more active from rewards for a while. The parts of the brain that make us feel good when we do something pleasurable are fully developed by the teen years.
In fact, these regions are even more sensitive when we are young. That’s because dopamine (多巴胺), a natural chemical that lifts our mood when we experience something good, is especially active in adolescent brains. Therefore, the teen brain has two strikes against it when it comes to resisting junk food. “It has a heightened drive for rewards and reduced self-regulation,” said Reichelt.
So, what’s the best way to say no to junk food? Researchers suggest exercise. When we exercise, the brain’s reward system becomes less sensitive to food. Exercise also cause the body to make a protein that helps brain cells grow and boosts connections between the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions. The prefrontal cortex thus can work better to help us make wise decisions and control our impulses.
1. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?| A．The effects of eating junk food. | B．The causes of favouring junk food. |
| C．The tendency of sharing junk food. | D．The benefits of avoiding junk food. |
| A．It serves as the sense of taste. |
| B．It promotes teenagers’ spirits. |
| C．It is partly in charge of self-control. |
| D．It helps teenagers grow physically mature. |
| A．The prefrontal cortex. | B．The urge. |
| C．The adolescent brain. | D．The body. |
| A．Junk food is delicious and nutritious. |
| B．Junk food is popular among young people. |
| C．Teenagers don’t realize the harm of junk food. |
| D．Teenagers can feel temporary excitement from junk food. |
7 . Sugar has been linked to serious diseases like heart disease, diabetes and even cancer, which is why it's vital to cut down on foods and drinks that are high in sugar. Take a look at the drinks that contain a surprising amount of hidden sugars and what you should be eating instead.
Fruit juices
While fruit juices can contain some important vitamins and minerals, they are typically full of sugar. Unfortunately, the fiber that fruit naturally contains and that helps the body keep blood sugar stable has also been removed. To keep blood sugar levels from rising sharply, choose to eat whole fruits whenever a juice desire comes along.
Sports drinks
Sports drinks might seem like the perfect choice for hydration while exercising, but they contain a high amount of added sugars as they were designed for athletes during fierce and long periods of activity. The only people who actually benefit from sports drinks are professional athletes or marathoners. Unless that's you, just stick to plain water.
Flavored coffees
Flavored coffees are delicious, but they contain hidden sugars as they often rely on artificial syrups (糖浆) for flavoring. A large flavored coffee at some coffee chains has up to 25 teaspoons of sugar. You can still enjoy your morning cup of coffee. Just stick to unflavored and unsweetened versions and avoid creamers high in sugar.
Iced teas
Iced teas can be extremely refreshing on a hot day, but they're typically over-sweetened with sugar or syrups. Some brands of iced tea actually contain a surprising 33 grams of sugar in a 355-milliliter serving. So, look for iced teas without any added sugar or make your own at home so you can save money and control what goes into it.
1. How do fruit juices benefit people?| A．They provide necessary minerals. | B．They refuel people during sports. |
| C．They energize people in the morning. | D．They refresh people on hot days. |
| A．Fruit juices. | B．Flavored coffees. | C．Natural water. | D．Iced teas. |
| A．To introduce four nutritious drinks. | B．To discuss the advantages of drinks. |
| C．To share ways to make drinks at home. | D．To warm readers against high-sugar drinks. |
8 . Successfully making your morning to-do list could start with the first thing you put it in your mouth.
If you’re feeling like zombie (僵尸) in the morning, an unbalanced breakfast made primarily of simple sugars could be to blame, said Nancy Z. Farrell Allen, a registered nutritionist and spokesperson for the Academy of utrition and Dietetics.
“Carbohydrates — whether from fruits and vegetables or from sweets and cookies-break down to sugar in the body,” said McKel Kooienga, the creator of the Mindful Nutrition Method, via email. “Think of sugar as energy in the body.’
After we eat carbs, the pancreas (胰腺) produces the insulin (胰岛素) hormone to clear the sugar from the bloodstream, Kooienga explained. The type, timing and amount of carbs eaten determines how much sugar is introduced to the bloodstream at one time Simpler or processed carbs — such as muffins or maple syrup — introduce sugar to the blood at faster rate if not eaten with other nutrients like protein and fat, she said, resulting in short-term energy that causes.
Instead, think about delicious eggs, beans and cheese for protein, complex carbs and healthy fats. Or raspberries, oats and coconut for the same benefits.
“A balanced breakfast sets the pace and the tone for the day. It provides food that feeds both our brain and our body so that we can be mentally intact and productive out of the starting gate,” Allen said.
Having low blood sugar levels from regularly not eating breakfast can cause people to constantly reach for sugary and processed foods, which might “lead you down a path with food that can impact your mental health as well,” Kooienga said. That can lead to higher risk of turning to disordered eating behaviors, she added.
The concept of balance, Kooienga said, includes a combination of complex, fiber-rich sources of carbs, protein and healthy fats that would release sugar to the blood at a slower rate, supporting longer-lasting energy.
“There are so many wonderful options at breakfast time that provide the opportunity to explore cultural, delicious, healthy and mindful eating,” Farrell Allen said.
1. What can we learn about breakfast from the passage?| A．An unbalanced breakfast is the reason for lack of energy in the morning. |
| B．An unbalanced breakfast will release sugar to the blood slowly. |
| C．A balanced breakfast may result in low blood sugar level. |
| D．A balanced breakfast can provide energy for people throughout the whole day. |
| A．Foods with huge amount of sugar. |
| B．Foods rich in protein like eggs and cheese. |
| C．Foods containing processed and complex carbs. |
| D．Foods containing complex carbs, protein and healthy fats. |
| A．efreshed. | B．Damaged. | C．Disabled. | D．Challenged. |
9 . Energy drinks aren’t technically a “food”. That’s not to trash them — it’s just a fact, and an important one at that. The Food & Drug Administration regulates all products defined as food to ensure they’re safe for human consumption. Coffee drinks and soda, for instance, aren’t allowed to be too high in caffeine in case they cause heart problems. But energy drinks are classified as supplements, which means they’re unregulated. Hence, manufacturers are free to add as much caffeine inside a single can as they please. They can even mix caffeine with other stimulants (兴奋剂) in such a way that could cause cardiovascular or nervous system problems.
That’s why physicians have been trying to investigate what the health effects of these caffeinated drinks might be. A new study showing that a single drink can diminish blood vessel (血管) function is making headlines, but similar findings have been increasing for years now.
A lot of the concern about these drinks comes from their high concentrations of stimulants. It’s entirely possible to overdose on caffeine alone, and in combination with guarana, another stimulant, smaller amounts might have severe effects. Overdosing on caffeine doesn’t necessarily result in death, but it can cause heart palpitations (心悸), nausea, vomiting, and hypertension. The WHO study also reports that adults who consume energy drinks may be increasing their risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
Despite the WHO’s recommendation that caffeine content be limited per beverage, energy drinks in the U. S. are still totally unregulated and will remain that way unless they get reclassified as a food. They may not be dangerous in small quantities, but nothing about them is healthy. Switch to coffee or tea, both of which will energize you in the morning and will be much harder to overdo it with. Or you could just go ahead and work on kicking your caffeine habit for good.
1. Why energy drinks are hard to regulate?| A．Because they contain a lot of caffeine. |
| B．Because they cause heart problems. |
| C．Because they are not categorized as food. |
| D．Because they are allowed to be high caffeine. |
| A．A new study shows that energy drinks are harmful to humans. |
| B．As for now, energy drinks are not regulated in the United States. |
| C．Physician are going to evaluate the effect of energy drinks in the following studies. |
| D．Energy drinks together with other harmful ingredients could damage one’s well-being. |
| A．Overdosing on caffeine directly contributes to death. |
| B．Energy drinks play a negative role on affecting people’s well-being. |
| C．People won’t get addicted to caffeine only by consuming energy drinks. |
| D．Adults’ consuming energy drinks may increase the possibility of the risk of diabetes. |
| A．Favorable. | B．Ambiguous. | C．Disapproving. | D．Indifferent. |
10 . Australia's biggest soft drink makers, including Coca-Cola and Pepsi, promised on Monday to cut industry-wide sugar use by a fifth over seven years to prevent obesity in a country where nearly a third of the population is dangerously fat.
Australia has the fifth-highest rate of obesity in the developed world, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,a health condition that can exacerbate(使恶化)problems from diabetes to heart disease.
Beverage(饮料)producers in Australia have already seen some consumers switch away from sugary drinks because of health concerns and they have promised the reduction as authorities press for a sugar tax similar to one introduced in Britain in April.
“We think this is a step in the right direction, ”said Geoff Parker, chief executive officer of the Australian Beverages Council (ABC) , the main body representing non-alcoholic drink makers, an industry which generates A $5 billion ($3.7 billion) in annual revenue.“We're certainly encouraging other sectors of the food supply, and indeed other categories to join with us to reduce sugar across the portfolio to help handle what is a really a complex problem and that is obesity. ”
Companies will aim for a 10 percent reduction in total sugar per 100 milliliters in their drinks by 2020 and a 20 percent reduction by 2025, achieved via a combination of recipe modification and increasing sales of low-sugar beverages, the Beverages Council said.
The World Health Organization (WHO) said last year drinking fewer sweet drinks was the best way to prevent excessive weight and prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes, although fat and salt in processed foods were also to blame.
It has pressed for governments to tax sugar.
In Australia, where according to WHO statistics two-thirds of adults are overweight and nearly a third are obese or grossly overweight,the Australian Medical Association has pressed for a sugar tax but it has been resisted by the country's two major political parties. “We don't want to see the price of groceries go up.”Health Minister Greg Hunt told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation on Monday.
1. Why did soft drink makers promise to lower sugar in their drinks?| A．They wanted to cut down the cost. |
| B．They helped people to lose weight. |
| C．They kept people away from sugary drinks. |
| D．They responded to the tax law from governments. |
| A．People are unwilling to drink non-alcoholic drinks. |
| B．Beverage producers take a positive attitude to sugar reduction. |
| C．Many soft drink makers manage to prevent the obesity. |
| D．The Australian Beverages Council has encouraged people to keep fit. |
| A．They will set a goal for the sugar use in their drinks. |
| B．They will limit the total sugar to 10-20 percent of drinks. |
| C．They will adjust ingredients and sell more low-sugar drinks. |
| D．They will produce more low-sugar beverages every year. |
| A．People should push governments to tax sugar. |
| B．People should reduce fat and salt in their food. |
| C．People should try to reduce sugary drinks in diet. |
| D．People should lose more weight to keep healthy. |
