1 . Satellites in space measure temperatures over large areas of the ocean. They are, however, less specific when it comes to measuring temperatures along the coast. However, there is a new solution.

Scientists want people who do water sports to help them gather coastal climate data. This includes surfers, divers and fishermen. The idea came from new data collected by scientists who are also surfers. The group was led by a scientist in England named Bob Brewin. The group designed a surfboard that could be their laboratory. The results show different water temperatures than what the satellites have shown.

Coastlines are important to the economy. Large amounts of people use them for business and fun. Coastlines are also important for the environment because they are home to many different plants and animals.

Brewin says satellite data alone cannot be trusted. So, his team wants volunteers to gather data during their water activities. The information the volunteers find will be used along with satellite readings. The scientists think this will result in more accurate information. “We can begin to understand how our coastal environment is responding to climate change,” Brewin said.

They want surfers to check water surfaces and divers to measure temperatures deeper in the water. The information would then go into the scientists’ database. Meanwhile, a group of scientists from Europe had another idea. The group is interested in boots that some fishermen use. These boots sense water temperatures. The scientists think the fishermen who wear those boots could be connected to a data­collection system.

Many water sports take place in areas that are important for sea life. These locations can be difficult to check, Brewin says. For example, ocean waves can ruin data-collection floats and boats. So,coastal sea surface temperature records are poor.

1. What’s the problem with satellites?

A．They can’t measure temperatures over the ocean.

B．They can’t locate coasts very accurately.

C．They might provide unreliable data.

D．They break down frequently.

2. What did Brewin’s team do?

A．They turned a surfboard into a lab.

B．They did research on water sports.

C．They made efforts to learn surfing.

D．They made friends with fishermen.

3. How can volunteers help Brewin?

A．Analyze satellite readings.

B．Compare data from different sources.

C．Wear boots designed by Brewin’s group.

D．Go into waters of different depths to collect data.

4. Why is it difficult to check the temperature of coastlines?

A．Surfers face great danger.

B．Beaches cover huge areas.

C．Data-collection boats are too big.

D．Waves damage the measuring equipment.

2 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

A New Way to Fight Against Melting Ice

The recognition of the urgency of the climate crisis has stepped up a gear in the last few years, but with one depressing report on the global issue after another, you can be forgiven for feeling overwhelmed and wondering what can actually be done.

The first annual Global Climate Restoration Forum was held last week, to discuss emerging technologies, radical ideas, and occasionally controversial methods of tackling global heating.

One of those ideas is an innovative way to not just prevent but actually restore the rapidly melting glaciers, ice sheets, and sea ice in the Arctic, which is currently warming twice as fast as anywhere else on Earth. The solution, according to scientists at the non-profit Ice911(“Take action for a cooler planet”), is to liberally scatter silica beads(二氧化硅小球)as fine as sand onto the ice to prevent it from melting by reflecting back the Sun’s rays.

Reflective ice and snow are key to preventing the Earth from overtheating. White surfaces like these reflect most of the radiation from the Sun’s rays back into space, keeping the planet cool and preventing further melt. Reduced ice and snow that reveal darker surfaces like the ground, sea, or melt water absorb more of this energy, trapping it as heat so the global temperatures rise and more ice melts. It’s a vicious cycle.

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3 . 语法填空

Today, the temperature in London is expected to reach 30 plus degrees, which is     1    (usual) for London because the average high temperature in July is only 22 degrees. Going     2     the stairs and onto the platform is like jumping into a volcano that’s erupting. Each summer in London definitely seems     3     (hot) than the last. I suddenly feel a bit scared and perhaps I should start planning     4     the future. I imagine putting my flat on the market and buying a boat. That way, when the Thames     5    (rise) and there is a flood in London, I’ll still be able to get to work. Later, I’m shocked by photos     6     (show) that a hurricane in Asia has destroyed a town. Experts say this bad weather has occurred due to climate change. News like this makes me feel nervous. This inspires me     7     (start) thinking about moving to space... “    8     next station is Bank!” comes the announcement. That’s my destination. I feel a fresh wind on my face     9     (immediate) I step out of the station. Well, maybe I have been worrying too much. After all, it’s only 30     10     (degree) outside!

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In recent years, climate change has had a great impact on the animals in water or on land. In 2013, a lot of people     1    (shock) by a news photo of a dead polar bear     2    Norway’s Arctic island of Svalbard. Due to the increase in temperature, the polar bear appeared     3    (die) from lack of food.

According to climate     4    (scientist), a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect” has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. The former refers to the fact     5    heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of the heat,     6    (keep) Earth’s climate warm and habitable. However, the latter has become a big problem. When people burn fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise     7    (quick).

The evidence shows that the rise in temperature     8    (lead) to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide. It is warned that this warming trend will become     9    (bad) if we do not take appropriate measures. The severe situation requires people all over the world to pay more attention to it, because this is     10    most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.

5 . Major Snow, the 21st solar term of the year, begins this year on Dec 7 and ends on Dec 20, marking the start of the season. It begins when the sun reaches the celestial longitude (天文经度) of 255° and ends when it reaches 270°     1    , so it is named Major Snow.

By the start of Major Snow, most of China has already seen the start of winter.     2    . At this time of year, the snow gradually settles in the Yellow River Basin. In far north there is heavy snow; while in the south, it is mild with less rainfall.

    3    . Snow adds warmth and wetness to the winter wheat, preventing dry air in winter. It can also store and lock in water needed for the following year, and it kills off bacteria and pests which decreases the risk of disease.

During Major Snow, people often eat jujube cakes, made from red jujube dates (枣) which are rich in vitamin C, protein, calcium, iron, vitamins and other nutrients.     4    . Jujube dates not only replenish (补充) the spleen and stomach, but also protect the liver, increase muscle strength, and are said to be anti-aging. Because of their affordable price and high nutritional content, jujube cakes are popular all over China at this time of year.

In some areas, cured meats become a specialty product, as a way to store meat over the winter months. As the saying goes, small snow seals the ground, heavy snow seals the river.     5    .

Major Snow is an excellent season for people to replenish their bodies. There is another saying, “Replenishing your body in winter means you will be strong enough to fight a tiger in early spring.”

A．A timely snow promises a good harvest

B．You can also eat some foods that nourish your Yin

C．A large number of citrus fruits, high in vitamin C, are in season

D．Temperatures have now dropped to below 0 °C in some northern regions

E．There is an old Chinese saying that “Three dates a day means no one gets old”

F．Now, many rivers are frozen, and people can go ice-skating with friends and family

G．At this time of year, it tends to snow more frequently over a wider area of the country

6 . There is hot, and then there is hot! Extreme heat is a period of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit for at least two to three days. Extreme heat is responsible for the highest number of annual deaths among all weather-related hazards (危害).

It’s not your imagination. Summers have been getting hotter and hotter with extreme heatwaves occurring earlier and more frequently. But why is this happening and can we better predict heatwaves in advance to give people time to prepare?

“Climate change is here and it’s already been changing human behavior and causing significant influence in the society. As global temperatures rise, historically excessive (过高的) temperatures are more likely to occur.” says Craig Ramseyer, an assistant professor who studies climate modeling in the department of geography at Virginia Tech.

Ramseyer says heatwaves are the most concerning because of the lack of attention they normally receive. “Hurricanes, tornadoes, and flash floods drive more media attention because of the natural attraction with the visual impact of those types of hazards. However, heat does not tend to be as attractive and it becomes very difficult to communicate the danger to the public,” said Ramseyer. “Around the world, more deaths occur due to extreme heat than from hurricanes, flooding, and drought combined. It impacts the most helpless of our citizens who do not have enough access to air conditioning, water, and other important resources.”

Since the Earth is running warmer than it used to, Ramseyer says that when these heatwave-related weather patterns take place, it results in higher extreme temperatures than we used to experience 30 years ago.

“As a global community, we need to decrease carbon emissions as soon as possible. We have rapidly developing technologies that are going to help advance the process, but the faster the better, there is no time to waste.”

1. What can we learn from the article?

A．Extreme heat is a No.1 death cause.

B．People are suffering more extreme heat.

C．A 100-degree heat is an extreme heat.

D．Extreme heat is getting better over the years.

2. What will Ramseyer possibly agree with?

A．Climate change will soon affect human behaviors.

B．High temperatures happened frequently in history.

C．Air conditioning and water can stop the extreme heat.

D．Garbage sorting can less advance the climate change.

3. Why is extreme heat lack of attention?

A．Extreme heat can be stopped by technology.

B．People have enough time to solve the climate problems.

C．The danger of extreme heat is not easily transferred to the public.

D．Heatwave-related weather patterns will decrease in the future.

4. What’s the article mainly about?

A．Complaints about extreme heat.	B．Prevention of extreme heat.
C．Characters of extreme heat.	D．Technologies behind extreme heat.

7 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Owing to global warming, sea levels are rising and rain forests are dying. It’s clear that humans     1    (cause)most of the warming over the past century by releasing greenhouse gases, the levels of which are     2    (high)now than at any time in the past.

Global warming is causing a set of changes to the earth’s climate     3     vary from place to place. Many people think that global warming is the same as climate change. However, scientists use “climate change” when describing the complex shifts now affecting     4    (we)planet’s weather and climate systems—in part because some areas     5    （actual）get cooler in the short term.

Climate change includes not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events and a range of other     6    (consequence). All of them are appearing as humans continue to add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere,     7    (change)the rhythms(节奏)of climate that all living things have come to rely     8    .

What shall we do and what can we do     9    (slow) this human-caused warming? How shall we deal with the changes we’ve already set into motion? While we struggle to figure it all out,     10     future of the earth hangs in the balance.

8 . 语法填空。

There is little doubt     1     Earth is getting warmer and warmer. In 2013, a lot of people     2     (shock)by a news photo of a dead polar bear     3     appeared to have starved and died. This     4     (alarm) case showed how the increase in temperature had     5     impact on Earth's ecology.

Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature? Climate scientists think the climate process “greenhouse effect” makes it possible for Earth     6     (sustain) life. However, the “man-made” greenhouse effect makes more heat energy     7     (trap) in the atmosphere and causes Earth's surface temperature to rise quickly.

The rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural     8     (disaster) worldwide. News reports are     9     (frequent)broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves. This requires the attention of people all over the world.     10     is also our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming.

9 . Without sharp reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, climate change threatens future Winter Olympic Games because their locations would be too warm to host the events, a new study has found.

If the world’s high emissions continue their trend, by the 2080s all but one of the 21 cities that previously hosted the Winter Games - Sapporo, Japan - would not be able to do so again. Among them, 6 cities would be considered “marginal” while 14 would even be seen “unreliable”— meaning the right conditions for snow and athlete safety cannot be met.

But that won’t necessarily happen if the world takes urgent action and follows the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, according to Daniel Scott, the lead researcher for the University of Waterloo’s report. Under that deal, nearly 200 countries agreed to greatly cut their collective greenhouse emissions.

Athletes and coaches surveyed by the researchers said they re already seeing the effect climate change has on their sports. “Some of the coaches that did the survey have been coaches in the sport for 30 years,” Scott said. “They’ve traveled the world, back to the same competitions, and they’ve seen that certain competitions don’t happen, as regularly or uninterruptedly as they used to because of warmer temperatures.”

The Summer Olympics are also feeling the effects of climate change. Tokyo’s Olympic and Paralympic Games are likely one of—if not—the hottest and most humid Games on record. Daily temperatures reached 80F high with high humidity (湿度) that could make it feel like 100°F.

But winter sports seem more strongly influenced by the impact of a warmer world. During the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, skiers were overheating in the same way a marathon runner would at nearly 90F weather. Due to the great impact, the study makes us worry that outdoor games may have to move indoors or be held at a different time of year altogether in order to accommodate higher temperatures.

1. What does the underlined word “marginal” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A．Almost unqualified.

B．Pretty satisfactory.

C．Rather unpopular.

D．Quite suitable.

2. Why are Tokyo’s Olympics mentioned in Paragraph 5?

A．To show the spirit of the Olympics.

B．To stress the impact of climate change.

C．To reveal the cause of warmer climate.

D．To compare summer and winter Olympics

3. What is the author’s attitude to the finding of the study?

A．Conservative.

B．Tolerant.

C．Optimistic.

D．Concerned.

4. What does the text mainly talk about?

A．Global climate changes.

B．Greenhouse gas emissions.

C．The Winter Olympics crisis.

D．The future Olympic Games.

10 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Climate change is already affecting wildlife all over the world, but certain species are suffering more than others. Polar animals     1     icy natural habitat is melting in the warmer temperatures are     2     (particular) at risk. In fact, experts believe that the Arctic sea ice is melting at a shocking rate — 9% per decade! Polar bears need sea ice to be able to hunt, raise their young and as places to rest after long periods of swimming. Certain seal species, like ringed seals (环斑海豹), make     3     (cave) in the snow and ice to raise their pups, feed and mate.

It's not just polar animals that are in trouble. Apes like orangutans, which live in the rainforests of Indonesia, are     4     threat as their habitat     5     (cut) down, and more droughts cause more bushfires.

Sea turtles (海龟) rely on nesting beaches     6     (lay) their eggs, many of which are threatened by rising sea levels. Did you know that the temperature of nests     7     (determine) whether the eggs are male or female? Unfortunately, with temperatures on the rise, this could mean that more females are born than males,     8     (threaten) future turtle populations.

Climate change won't just affect animals; it's already having     9     impact on people, too. Most     10     (affect) people are some of the people who grow the food we eat every day. Farming communities, especially in developing countries, are facing higher temperatures, increased rain, floods and droughts.