1 . The Masai(马赛人) are continually trying to keep their own ways in an increasingly modern world. They live along the border of Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa, moving their homes from time to time to follow their cattle, the source of their livelihood. They rely on their cattle in many parts of their life. They like drinking the cows’ milk.

They don’t kill their cattle for food. But if a cow is killed, the parts of its body are used to make containers, shoes, clothin,   ropes, bed coverings and so on. Not all of the men have cows. The more cattle a man owns, the richer he is considered to be. A man who owns 50 or fewer cattle is considered poor. Rich men have a thousand or more. The cattle, though owned by the man, are considered to belong to the man’s entire family. The family names the cattle and can recognize each animal’s special voice.

The Masai men have become known as warriors(勇士), protecting their cattle against other wild animals. They wear their red long hair. Most women often take care of their children, cook food, clean clothes and make clothing at home. They also make necklaces dresses and headdresses. A few women can also become authorities once they are powerful enough. They speak a language called Maa.

The houses of Masai made from sticks and grass, which are held together with a mixture of mud, are not very firm or safe. These plain houses with some basic supplies are built in a circle and make up a Masai village. They are not meant to last long since the migration(迁徙) of the cow population means that the Masai move as well. In the meantime, in order to prevent animals from entering, they also form a wall of branches. The whole setup is to protect the cattle, which sleep at night in the middle of the village. They seem to live a natural and self-sufficient life but lack modern civilisation.

1. What do we know about the Masai?

A．They don’t move in their lives.

B．They each have their own cows.

C．They don’t kill their cattle at all.

D．They are heavily dependent on cattle.

2. What do most of the Masai women work as?

A．Designers.	B．Authorities.
C．Housewives.	D．Warriors.

3. Which word best describes Masai houses?

A．Modern.

B．Lasting

C．Simple.

D．Safe.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Africans: Living a Moving life

B．Africans: Brave People in the World

C．The Masai: Rich People in East Africa

D．The Masai: Maintaining a Traditional Lifestyle

2 . How the 2022 World Cup Works

The World Cup is nearly here. The schedule is complete. The leagues have stopped. The players have arrived. Yet even as the teams know where they are meant to be and who they are meant to play, there are still plenty of questions about how things will unfold as soccer moves center stage over the month in Qatar.     1    

Where is it being held?

This year’s host is Qatar, which in 2010 beat the United States and Japan to win the right to hold the tournament. Whether that was an honest competition remains in dispute.     2     The World Cup has never been held on the Arabian Peninsula before.

When is it?

The tournament will open on Nov.20, when Qatar plays Ecuador. That counts as a slow day; over the two weeks that follow, four games will be played on most days.     3     when the winner gets a very heavy (and surprisingly small) gold trophy.

    4    

No. The World Cup usually takes place in July or it did, until Qatar won the right to host it. Considering the fact that its temperatures can reach 120 degrees (48.8℃), FIFA, soccer’s world governing body, agreed to move the tournament to the relatively bearable months of November and December.

Qatar is so small. How can it accommodate all these matches?

    5     At 4,416 square miles, it is 0.12 percent of the size of the United States and by far the smallest nation ever to host the World Cup. All the games will take place in a tight circle of eight stadiums in and around the capital, Doha, making it the smallest-sized World Cup in history.

A．That is unusual.

B．Here’s a primer (入门指南).

C．It is true that Qatar is tiny.

D．Why is it being held in winter?

E．Is a winter World Cup normal?

F．The tournament ends with the final on Dec.18,

G．It can accommodate 31 teams and an audience of 60,000.

3 . Is Australia an island?

Australia is the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. At about 3 million square miles (7.7 million square km), it’s closer in size to Greenland than it is to South America. Does that make Australia an island like Greenland?

Although Australia is sometimes called an “island continent,” most geographers consider islands and continents to be separate things.     1     By that definition, Australia can’t be an island because it’s already a continent.

But in that case, what’s the difference between Australia and Greenland? Why isn’t Greenland (at 836,000 square miles [2,165,230 square km]) considered a continent instead of just the world’s largest island? Unfortunately, there isn’t a strict scientific definition of a continent.     2    

First, there is a geological distinction. While Australia and most of Asia are situated on separate tectonic plates, Greenland shares a tectonic plate with North America. There is also a biological difference. While a large percentage of Australia’s plant and animal species can be found nowhere else in the world, fewer of Greenland’s species are unique.     3     Aboriginal people are limited to Australia, while native Greenlanders belong to a group of peoples (the Inuit) found throughout the Arctic, including parts of Canada, the United States, and Russia.

Of course, there’s also the basic matter of size.     4     If they were much closer in area, Greenland might have more of a case for continent status (and Australia for island status). As it is, the vast difference between the two makes for a good dividing line.

While each of those criteria may not be sufficient on its own — for instance, Europe and Asia also share a tectonic plate but are usually considered separate continents for cultural reasons—together they form a general understanding of what qualifies as a continent.

A．Australia is nearly four times as large as Greenland.

B．In addition, in terms of anthropology, the scientific study of people, they are different as well.

C．Australia is the last of lands only because it was the last continent, apart from Antarctica, to be explored by Europeans.

D．According to Britannica, an island is a mass of land that is both “entirely surrounded by water” and also “smaller than a continent.”

E．Isolation is also a clear characteristic of the social landscape beyond the large coastal cities.

F．But there are a few criteria that are commonly used to distinguish one continent from another.

4 . How can you recognize a British, a German, and a Frenchman, apart from their accents and names?

There are ways people dress, but they are very complex and would take a lot of time to explain. Some items of clothing are just more popular in some countries than in others. For example, Germans often wear sandals (凉鞋) with their socks on, which is something a Frenchman would normally never do. In Berlin, where I live, people don’t really dress as smart as they would in Paris or London. The Germans have a reputation for not caring so much about their outward appearance — as long as the clothes are comfortable, they’re happy! They also seem to love sportswear more than people anywhere else.

The French cannot queue, while the British just seem to love it. French people are always late, British people are always on time and the Germans are always early.

French people use their hands a lot more when they speak, and take a lot more time to say something. French people care a lot how things are done or said. The British do care how things are done and said, but only in a context of politeness. The Germans just care how things are done. The French and the British seem to care more how things look, for example, food products and packaging.

When it comes to food, for example in a restaurant, a Frenchman would never think of ordering beer with a meal, which is something tally normal for a German or a British.

I find the Germans the cleanest and most disciplined in public space. The French are the worst and the British somehow in between.

1. According to the passage, how can we tell the three kinds of people apart?

A．By their behaviour.	B．By their nicknames.
C．By the colour of their skin.	D．By their facial expressions.

2. If a man is dressed in casual clothes, where does he probably come from?

A．France.

B．Germany.

C．Britain.

D．India.

3. What can you learn from the passage?

A．German people care more how things look.

B．Frenchmen are strictly in order when queuing for food.

C．British people are always likely to care how things are done and said.

D．Of the three kinds of people, the Germans are the most self-controlled in public.

4. How does author explain his ideas?

A．By giving numbers.	B．By giving logical reasoning.
C．By making a comparison.	D．By making a detailed description.

5 . The old Berlin was known for its fine music, food, and art. Its streets were full of historical buildings and there were beautiful views everywhere. However, for 28 years, from 1961 to 1989, the city was divided into East and West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. This wall separated two areas that were controlled by different powers. During this time, Berlin lost some of its liveliness.

Nowadays, however, the city has many immigrant groups and a rising art and music culture. Berlin has become one of the most lively, multicultural cities in Europe. Today, about 3.5 million people live there. A half million of these people were not born in Germany. These immigrants have come from 185 different countries. Many live in communities with other people from their homelands. Each of these neighborhoods is a great place to see and each has a very different look and feel.

Kreuzberg

Many people from the country of Turkey now live in the area of Kreuzberg. This is a lively, happy area. In addition to all the special foods from Turkey and the bookstores, you also find nightclubs here. In these clubs, young people from many different cultures come together to play music and dance all night.

Art Mile

In the recent past, most artists lived and worked in West Berlin. But today everything has changed. The “Art Mile” was an area in East Berlin that wasn't very interesting in the past. It is now the city's lively art center. Berlin has two international art events in the “Art Mile.” These events attract thousands of visitors from around the world each year,

Prenzlauer Berg

Visitors love the neighborhood called Prenzlauer Berg. Its streets are jumping with the energy of all the musicians, artists, and designers who live and work there. But there are also quiet, restful shops where people drink tea, read books, or write their own stories.

1. What does the underlined word “immigrant” in the second paragraph most probably mean?

A．Exchange students who are studying further.	B．People passionate about German art and music.
C．Staff who are engaged in working together.	D．A person coming to live in another country.

2. From the passage we can learn that the “Art Mile”_________.

A．used to be popular	B．lies in West Berlin
C．is now the art center	D．isn't interesting as before

3. Which of the following does the author mainly talk about?

A．Shocking changes of Berlin.	B．Uniqueness of new Berlin.
C．How people view Berlin.	D．Why people chose Berlin.

4. What method does the author mainly use in writing the passage?

A．Providing facts.	B．Comparing differences.
C．Listing numbers.	D．Making a summary.

6 . An immigrant is a person who has come to live permanently in a country that is not their own. More than 145 million immigrants live outside their native countries.

    1    Some people move because of war, political or economic problems, or natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Some immigrants move to be with family members, to marry, or to find better living conditions.

Where are immigrants moving from?     2     One of the largest immigration flows is from Latin America and Asia to the United States. Another immigrant flow is from Eastern Europe, the former Soviet republics and North Africa to west Europe.    3     In countries such as Saudi Arabia, 90% of the total population is now foreign born.

When immigrants arrive in a new country, they often live in urban neighborhoods. As a result of immigration, many city neighborhoods change.    4    For example, the historic Esquilino neighborhood in Rome is now the home of a large number of Chinese immigrants. There are also many new immigrants from Albanian, Moldova, Bulgaria, and Ukraine. In some schools in Athens, 50% of the children are foreign born.    5    In Los Angeles, 37% of the population is foreign born, and children in the public schools speak 82 different languages. In New York, 40% of the population is foreign, and children speak 140 different languages in the schools.

A．And what countries are they moving to?

B．Immigrants move to other countries for different reasons.

C．Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.

D．Immigrants open new stores, restaurants, and other businesses.

E．Many immigrants also move from Africa and Asia to the Middle East.

F．Moreover, Los Angeles has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.

G．Los Angeles and New York are two cities in the US with very large immigrant populations.

7 . The capital of a country is often a very populated city where much history has been made due to the high-level political and economic functions that occur there. However, sometimes government leaders decide to move the capital from one city to another. Capital relocation has been done hundreds of times throughout history. The ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Chinese changed their capital frequently.

Some countries choose new capitals that are more easily defended in a time of invasion (侵略) or war. Some new capitals are planned and built in previously undeveloped areas to promote development. Countries sometimes change their capital because they expect some type of political, social, or economic benefit. They hope and expect that the new capitals will surely develop into cultural treasure and hopefully make the country a more stable place.

Here are capital relocations that have occurred in approximately the last few centuries.

Asia	Japan	from Kyoto to Tokyo — 1868
	Turkey	from Istanbul to Ankara — 1923
	Israel	from Tel Aviv-Jaffo to Jerusalem — 1950
Europe	Poland	from Krakow to Warsaw — 1596
	Finland	from Turku to Helsinki — 1812
	Italy	from Turin to Florence to Salerno to Rome — 1871
The Americas	The US	from New York to Washington — 1800
	Jamaica	from Port Royal to Spanish Town to Kingston — 1872
Oceania	New Zealand	from Auckland to Wellington — 1865

1. Why did some countries decide to move the capital?

A．To further expand their land.

B．To uncover ancient treasure.

C．To develop undeveloped areas.

D．To declare war on another country.

2. Which country was the earliest to move its capital?

A．Turkey.	B．Poland.
C．The United Sate.	D．New Zealand.

3. What do Italy and Jamaica have in common?

A．They moved the capitals more than once.

B．Their capitals were destroyed in the war.

C．They moved their capitals in the same year.

D．Their capitals moved because of the economy.

8 . English and Chinese have for a long time been the languages most studied around the world but the line up of other languages of study is ever-changing.

In 2020, Spanish overtook French as the second most learned language on the popular language learning app Duolingo. This could be explained by a number of factors. The Spanish-speaking community is increasingly influential in the US and Latin America is seen as increasingly influential worldwide. It could be that for many people in the US there's a practical need to speak Spanish domestically (国内地) that has overridden the wish to speak French for travel.

Asian languages are also increasing in popularity. There's recently been great interest in Japanese from China, as well as from some African countries including Chad and Ethiopia. We can mainly relate this growing interest to Japan's cultural output and general attraction to its unique culture. Not to mention the Olympics getting the interest of language learners from around the world.

What's striking is that Chinese is now a more popular choice than Russian for language learners.That's probably because the increasing global influence of China means it is seen as a more useful language to speak compared to Russian. Over 100 million learners are thought to be studying Chinese worldwide with interest from the UK, US, India and Africa. It's interesting to see a relatively new superpower overtake a more established one — in language terms at least.

It's hard to judge the cultural influence of a country but the number of people spending time learning more about it through its language is surely a sign that it is exerting influence.

1. What can we infer about Latin Americans?

A．They often travel to France.	B．They mostly speak Spanish.
C．They influence the USA most.	D．They learn the most languages.

2. What contributes most to the growing popularity of Japanese?

A．Culture.

B．Tourism.

C．The Olympics.

D．The global influence

3. What is the author's attitude towards Chinese becoming more popular than Russian?

A．Interested

B．Shocked.

C．Proud.

D．Anxious.

4. What is the best title for the passage?

A．Languages most studied	B．The app most downloaded
C．Changes in language learning	D．The battle between English and Chinese

9 . Japan's government is facing criticism (批评)for pressing its plans to hold the Tokyo Olympics even as the country deals with COVID-19. More than 300,000 people have signed a petition (请愿书)calling for not holding the Games, which are set to open on July 23. An advertisement said people were in danger of being “killed by politics”.

Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga has repeatedly stated that the government is continuing with plans, promising the games will happen safely. Some Japanese lawmakers have questioned those statements as some hospitals still struggle to find beds for those sick with COVID-19.

Last month, Suga declared a third state of emergency in Osaka, as well as in Tokyo and two other areas. That lasted through May 31, 2020. On Wednesday, two more areas were placed under emergency measures. It is estimated that only 1 percent of the public has so far been fully vaccinated although millions of vaccines (疫苗)sit unused in very low temperature storage.

Suga and his government have faced criticism for being too slow and soft on virus measures. Japan has been able to keep its number of virus cases and deaths below those in the U.S. and Europe without restrictive measures. But the results are worse than in some other parts of Asia. Japan has also fallen far behind in vaccinations. Though officials blame a lack of supplies from Europe, progress has been slowed because of staff shortages. About 7.6 million vaccines remain unused in freezers.

The president of the Tokyo Olympic organizing committee, Seiko Hashimoto, said that Japanese athletes were likely to get vaccines before the games began. "In Japan, the vaccination of the citizens isn't going very well," she said, adding that the public saw giving the athletes vaccinations as a special treatment, so this gives rise to dissatisfaction among the citizens toward the games.

1. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 mean?

A．The government is to kill the people who caught the virus.

B．People are in danger for not supporting the Tokyo Olympics.

C．People are angry that the government only cared about politics.

D．The government doesn't provide enough vaccines for the public.

2. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?

A．The vaccines are in short supply.

B．The situation of COVID-19 is still serious.

C．The citizens are unwilling to get vaccinated.

D．Enough measures are taken against COVID-19.

3. What can we infer from the passage?

A．Lawmakers are in favor of Suga's statements.

B．Japanese measures are the most effective in Asia.

C．Japanese athletes are likely to get vaccines soon.

D．Lack of vaccines isn't to blame for slow vaccinations.

4. What's the citizens' attitude towards the Tokyo Olympics to be held as planned?

A．Positive.	B．Uncertain.
C．Dissatisfied.	D．Supportive.