1 . Desertification, the process by which fertile (肥沃的) land becomes desert, has severe impacts on food production and is worsened by climate change.    1    

Africa’s Great Green Wall is a project to build an 8,000- kilometre-long forest across 11 of the continent s countries. The project is meant to contain the growing Sahara Desert and fight climate change.    2    They include limited political support, lack of money, weak organizational structures, and not enough consideration for the environment. Just 4 million hectares (公顷) of land have been turned into forest since work on the Green Wall began 15 years ago.    3    

First proposed in 2005, the project aims to plant a forest from Senegal on the Atlantic Ocean in western Africa to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti in the east.    4     It could also reduce levels of climate-related migration in the area and capture hundreds of millions of tons of carbon dioxide from the air. Several countries have struggled to keep up with the demands of the project.

    5     Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan have all expanded their efforts. Ethiopia is producing 5.5 billion seedlings leading to thousands of hectares of restored land. Efforts in Eritrea and Sudan have also resulted in nearly 140,000 hectares of newly planted forest. The U. N. desertification agency says the project will need to plant an average of 8.2 million hectares yearly to reach its goal of 100 million hectares by 2030．

A．But the project faces many problems.

B．That is only 4 percent of the programme’s goal.

C．However, it is difficult to work on the Great Green Wall.

D．A quarter of Africa is under threat of food shortage.

E．Some progress has been made in recent years in the east of the continent.

F．Supporters hope that the project will create millions of green jobs in rural Africa.

G．The U.N. says up to 45 percent of Africa’s land is impacted by desertification, worse than any other continent.

2 . Should We Create More National Parks to Save Endangered Animals?

Don’t you find it worrying that more and more species of animals are in real danger of becoming extinct?     1     And I think the best way to do this is for governments to create more national parks.

    2     If this environment is destroyed — for example, when farmers clear a forest for new fields, or trees are cut down to make profits — many animals are unable to survive, and more species are likely to become extinct.

        In addition, national parks protect animals from the danger of being hunted. A major reason why many species are endangered is that these animals are killed by hunters. They hunt animals to make money.     3    

On the other hand, some people fight against the creation of national parks because they consider it is wrong to interfere with nature. They believe that wild animals are happier living in their natural environment.     4     They also point out that a few species are more likely to produce young animals in the wild than in national parks.

All in all, these disadvantages are far less important than the benefits of national parks.     5     As a matter of fact, they protect animals from their greatest enemies, that is, human beings.

A．To begin with, animals are important to humans.

B．Some hunters even hunt animals simply for sport.

C．I personally believe that we must save these animals.

D．These parks allow animals to live in a safe environment.

E．Firstly, national parks protect these animals’ natural environment.

F．They say though the animals may face danger, they enjoy a free life.

G．There is a heated discussion about whether to create more national parks.

3 . Notpla, a London-based firm, makes a seaweed-based substitute (代替物) for single use plastic packaging. Although some of Notpla’s products are suitable to be eaten, they are designed to be dissolved (溶解) after usage. Made of seaweed instead of a conventional plastic coating, the company’s packaging is fully biodegradable and ideal for use as packaging for kitchen and bathroom supplies like coffee and toilet paper.

According to the United Nations, 331 million kilograms of plastic garbage is produced annually around the world. About 60% of the estimated 9.15 billion tons of plastic produced since the early 1950s has been taken to landfills.

Plastics harm the water, the air, and our bodies. Many experts agree that single-use plastics are unnecessary and dangerous. Some governments and towns in the United States have taken action. New York has banned most plastic shopping bags, while plastic straws have been banned in Miami Beach. Overseas, India stated in August that it plans to place a wide ban on single-use plastics this upcoming summer, with the European Union already implementing this ban.

Seaweed comes in a variety of species and can be harvested or farmed. Notpla uses plants that have been farmed. Rodrigo Garcia Gonzalez and Pierre Paslie, the inventors of Notpla, initially considered seaweed as a solution to the world’s plastic problem for several reasons. Seaweed is plentiful and grows quickly. Additionally it doesn’t compete with land crops and is highly favored for its ability to remove some waste products like carbon from the atmosphere.

In cooperation with the online food ordering service Just Eat, the startup recently tested its product. Last year, the two companies handed out 30, 000 takeaway boxes at various UK restaurants. Plans are in the works to offer the boxes across Europe in 2022. Notpla’s team intends to replace single use plastic in the supply chain more generally as they scale. The company recognizes the difficulty of such a job, considering the volume of plastics consumed around the world.

1. How does the author mainly develop paragraph 2?

A．By presenting figures.	B．By comparing facts.
C．By raising questions.	D．By quoting a saying.

2. What can best replace the underlined word “implementing” in paragraph 3?

A．Lifting.

B．Performing.

C．Protesting.

D．Removing.

3. What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about?

A．The advantages of choosing seaweed.	B．The next goal of the new study.
C．The wide use of seaweed.	D．The shortcomings of the plastic bags.

4. What does the company think of its plan to replace the whole single use plastic?

A．It will be totally unpractical.	B．It will be richly rewarded.
C．It will be a little tough.	D．It will be rather successful.

4 . When we think of bicycles, we think of fun and the outdoors. Bicycles give riders the freedom to explore and enjoy the environment and its surroundings.     1    

Most people know that riding bicycles is environmentally friendly.     2     If you are riding a bike, you are helping to reduce air and noise pollution.

Bikes are becoming more and more popular across the world. In fact, they are becoming more than just a fun pastime (娱乐).     3     For many people around the world, access to markets and schools would not be accessible without a bike.

    4     Some cities, such as Paris and Barcelona, have not only built bicycle lanes but also have introduced a system of renting bikes. You can rent, or use a bicycle in one area of the city and drop it off in another area of the city. Paris now has thousands of bikes for public use, with bicycle stations located throughout the city.

Some South American cities, such as Bogota in Colombia, have a weekly car-free day.     5     On these days, the traffic-related air pollution from old buses and trucks is greatly reduced.

It seems that the bike is a force for good, providing solutions for cleaner cities without leaving a serious environmental footprint.

A．Riding bicycles is a healthy, cheap activity and good exercise.

B．Cities are taking this love and demand for bicycles seriously.

C．People are encouraged to buy bicycles to go to and from work.

D．Daily use of a bicycle has very low effect on the environment.

E．It is cheap and convenient to travel around the world on bicycles.

F．They are also used as a daily transport to work, school or shopping.

G．More than 2 million people bicycle, skate, or jog along the closed roads.