1 . With an abundance of sun and wind, Spain is positioning itself as Europe’s future leader in green hydrogen production to clean up heavy industries. But some energy experts express caution because this process relies on massive availability of zero-carbon electricity.
Green hydrogen is created when renewable energy sources power an electrical current that runs through water, separating its hydrogen and oxygen molecules (分子). The process doesn’t produce planet-warming carbon dioxide, but less than 0.1% of global hydrogen production is currently created in this way.
The separated hydrogen can be used in the production of steel, ammonia (氨) and chemical products, all of which require industrial processes that are harder to stop fossil fuels. Hydrogen also can be used as a transportation fuel, which could one day transform the highly polluting shipping and aviation sectors.
Spain’s large, windswept and thinly populated territory receives more than 2,500 hours of sunshine on average per year, providing ideal conditions for wind and solar energy, and therefore green hydrogen production.
“If you look at where hydrogen is going to be produced in Europe in the next million years, it’s in two countries, Spain and Portugal,” said Thierry Lepercq, the founder and president of HyDeal Ambition, an industry platform bringing together 30 companies. “Hydrogen is the new oil.”
Lepercq is working with companies like Spanish gas pipeline corporation Enagas and global steel giant ArcelorMittal to design an end-to-end model for hydrogen production, distribution and supply at a competitive price. Criticism has centered on green hydrogen’s higher cost compared with highly-polluting “gray hydrogen” drawn from natural gas. Lepercq argues that solar energy produced in Spain is priced low enough to compete.
Globally, Lepercq said, “Electricity is 20% of energy consumption. What about the 80% that is not electrified? ... You need to replace those fossil fuels. Not in 50 years’ time. You need to replace them now.”
1. Why are some experts cautious about green hydrogen production in Spain?| A．It needs large amounts of sun and wind. | B．It has an effect on heavy industries. |
| C．It causes conflicts among countries. | D．It uses lots of zero-carbon electricity. |
| A．Ideal geographical conditions. | B．The support from government. |
| C．Hydrogen production technology. | D．Well-developed public transports. |
| A．It is highly priced. | B．It is easy to store. |
| C．It is competitive. | D．It is highly-polluting. |
| A．Spain manages to use zero-carbon electricity. | B．Spain struggles to lead EU in heavy industry. |
| C．Spain takes the lead in preventing air pollution. | D．Spain replaces fossil fuel with green hydrogen. |
2 . Growing up in the Philippines,construction worker Johnny Manlugay combs the beaches each night for the eggs of sea turtles. He knows exactly what to look for,as he was trained as a child by his grandfather on how to locate the animals and their eggs. Back then,his family traded or ate them. It wasn’t about getting rich as much as it was just a part of life.
Manlugay has since turned over a new leaf. Instead,he uses his tracking skills to protect the sea turtles that visit the beaches he lives by.
“I’ve learned to love this work,”Manlugay acknowledged in an interview.“We didn’t know poaching(偷猎)was illegal and that we should not eat turtle eggs and meat.”
Manlugay delicately transferred each egg into a bucket he brought with him,as well as some sand from the turtle nests,to be handed over to Coastal Underwater Resource Management Actions(CURMA)，the group leading the conservation program on the beaches.
Established in 2009,the CURMA conservation effort has gradually transformed sea turtle poachers into valuable allies(盟友). They manage this by offering training to ultimately save thousands of turtles and keep their eggs from ending up everywhere but their nests.
“We talked to the poachers,and it turned out poaching was just another means for them to earn a living,”explained Carlos Tamayo,the director of operations.“They had no choice.”
On average,sea turtles lay 100 eggs in a nest. The number of nests in the area ranges between 35and 40 each season,which runs from October to February. Tamayo noted that the figures had doubled during the first year of the COVID pandemic.“Last season alone,for example,we had 75 nests and we released close to 9,000 hatching,”he shared.
Once collected,the eggs are then transferred to CURMA’s hatchery(孵化场)to be reburied in protected areas. Another former poacher,Jessie Cabagbag,grew up eating turtle meat and eggs like many people there.“I stopped poaching when we underwent training and were taught that what we have been doing was illegal and that these species of turtles are endangered,”he explained. Now,he admits,“I am truly proud. I am happy that I get to contribute to the conservation of the turtles.”
1. Why did Johnny Manlugay hunt turtles as a child?| A．To make a living. | B．To make a fortune. | C．To protect them. | D．To locate them. |
| A．To sell them. |
| B．To hatch them. |
| C．To hand them over to a conservation organization. |
| D．To bury them under some sand near the turtle nests. |
| A．About 7500. | B．Close to 9.000. |
| C．From 3500 to 4000. | D．Between 3500 and 10000. |
| A．Sea Turtles are Well Protected in the Philippines. |
| B．Local People in the Philippines Search the Beaches for Sea Turtle Eggs. |
| C．The Conservation Program Aims to Save Endangered Turtles. |
| D．Former Turtle Egg Poachers in the Philippines Turn Protectors. |
3 . A parent’s hopes for 2030
When 2010 arrived, my son was only a year old—tiny and
A
I hope we finally get
I’m not sure what a warming planet will
The world is always going to be full of
The world of 2030 won’t
| A．special | B．generous | C．intelligent | D．dependent |
| A．athlete | B．adolescent | C．artist | D．engineer |
| A．month | B．century | C．year | D．decade |
| A．questions | B．experience | C．danger | D．change |
| A．worry | B．sacrifice | C．owe | D．arrange |
| A．particular | B．serious | C．optimistic | D．enthusiastic |
| A．for sure | B．as usual | C．no longer | D．till now |
| A．slow | B．record | C．complete | D．multiply |
| A．mean | B．obtain | C．share | D．seek |
| A．pick up | B．fight for | C．turn down | D．take part in |
| A．finished | B．continued | C．started | D．left |
| A．aims | B．examples | C．disagreements | D．results |
| A．escape | B．express | C．seek | D．affect |
| A．differ from | B．agree with | C．refer to | D．call for |
| A．explode | B．admire | C．prove | D．build |
4 . How to Reduce Gift Wrap Waste
Wrapping paper may have “paper” in its name, but that doesn’t automatically mean it can be recycled.
Reuse what you have.
Use different materials.
Ask for better paper. Shops store what customers want, and recyclability should be a top priority, so let that be known when you’re out shopping. As explained by Simon Ellin, CEO of the Recycling Association, a trade body that represents about 90 waste management companies and paper merchants in the United Kingdom, “It’s a campaign we’ve been on all year — do you really need to design a non-paper wrapping paper? Make paper with recycling in mind!”
| A．Try zero waste. |
| B．Shop with that in mind, too. |
| C．You don’t have to choose shining paper to decorate a present. |
| D．In fact, many types of wrapping paper cannot due to their materials. |
| E．When wrapping paper is extremely thin, it has few good quality fibers for recycling. |
| F．Wrapping paper can be used many times if care is taken to unwrap it without tearing. |
| G．Having a mix of recyclable and non-recyclable papers is a real problem for companies. |
5 . Soot (煤) pollution is speeding up climate-driven melting in Antarctica, a new study suggests, raising questions about how to protect the delicate continent from the increasing number of humans who want to visit.
“It really makes us question, is our presence really needed?” says Alia Khan, one of the authors of the new study. “We have quite a large black carbon footprint in Antarctica, which is enhancing snow and ice melt.”
Black carbon is the leftover thing from burning plants or fossil fuels. Soot in Antarctica comes primarily from waste gases of cruise ships (游轮), vehicles and airplanes, although some pollution travels on the wind from other parts of the globe. The dark particles (微粒) coat white snow and absorb heat from the sun the way a black T-shirt does on a warm day. The blanket of dark bits speeds up melting that was already happening more quickly because of global warming.
When snow and ice are uncovered, they reflect an enormous amount of sunlight before it can turn into heat. “These are the mirrors on our planet,” says Sonia Nagorski, a scientist at the University of Alaska Southeast. “When those mirrors are covered in a film of dark bits, they don’t send back that much light and heat. That means more heat is trapped on Earth, speeding up melting and contributing to global warming.”
As a scientist who personally visits Antarctica every year, Khan says she is troubled by her own research results. On the one hand, she goes to Antarctica to collect crucial data about how quickly the snow and ice there are disappearing. “But then when we come to conclusions like this it really does make us think twice about how frequently we need to visit the continent,” she says, “and what kind of regulations should be placed on tourism as well.” That could mean requiring that cruise ships and vehicles be electric, for example, or limiting the number of visitors each year.
1. What is Khan’s attitude towards human actions in Antarctica according to paragraph 2?| A．Angry and abusive. | B．Cold and uninterested. |
| C．Doubtful and anxious. | D．Admiring and delighted. |
| A．The quick melting of ice and snow. | B．The emission from virous transport. |
| C．The remaining parts of burning plants. | D．The floating gases from other continents. |
| A．The covered ice is less reflective. |
| B．The melting speed of ice is slower than before. |
| C．The dark blanket serves as a big mirror. |
| D．The sunlight gets increasingly stronger recently. |
| A．What made our planet so polluted? | B．Who is to blame for air pollution? |
| C．Can electric vehicles save tourism? | D．Are we welcome to the South Pole? |
6 . After a lifetime of bringing nature back, Sir David Attenborough wants us to get out of our com-fort zones and help save the natural world. “I think it’s terrible that children should
For so many years，he travelled with just a leather suitcase. His wife would see him off at the airport, never knowing
Despite his
| A．take off | B．grow up | C．live on | D．pass away |
| A．awful | B．amazing | C．courageous | D．excellent |
| A．spread | B．expanded | C．recovered | D．decreased |
| A．nature | B．humans | C．rate | D．cities |
| A．turned to | B．turned up | C．be faced with | D．turned down |
| A．returned | B．fixed | C．pressed | D．seen |
| A．come out | B．take over | C．wipe out | D．bring out |
| A．quite | B．hard | C．fast | D．luckily |
| A．relief | B．series | C．text | D．reaction |
| A．chest | B．hand | C．face | D．hair |
| A．awarded | B．approached | C．recognized | D．threw |
| A．credit | B．reward | C．money | D．chance |
| A．stress | B．observation | C．fame | D．explanation |
| A．community | B．generation | C．race | D．species |
| A．precious | B．curious | C．attractive | D．powerful |
内容包括：
1.为什么要保护濒危动物;
2.怎么保护濒危动物;
3.号召保护濒危动物。
注意：
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Protect Endangered Animals!
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Students’ Union
January 10, 2022
8 . Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush(灌木丛)in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world’s oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy(树冠层)of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants’ way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won’t keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity(湿气)of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.
1. What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?| A．They produce oxygen. | B．They cover a vast area. |
| C．They are well managed. | D．They are rich in wildlife. |
| A．Heavy rains | B．Big trees. |
| C．Small plants. | D．Forest animals. |
| A．Life-Giving Rainforests | B．The Law of the Jungle |
| C．Animals in the Amazon | D．Weather in Rainforests |
Tibetan antelopes live on the plains of Tibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai. When I
Zhaxi who works at the Nature Reserve (保护区) says, “
In order to save them, the government take
Earth Day is an annual celebration that honors the achievements of the environmental movement and raises awareness of the need to protect Earth’s
The first Earth Day
In 1990, Hayes organized a global Earth Day,
By the early 21st century, Earth Day’s many activities included raising awareness of a number of growing environmental concerns,
The theme for Earth Day 2023 is “Invest (投资) in Our Planet”. This year’s theme is designed
