| A．Air pollution. | B．Garbage sorting. | C．Endangered species. |
2 . By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ” she said, “but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It’ll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”
What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
| A．The various patterns at the ocean surface. |
| B．The cause of the changes in ocean colour. |
| C．The way light reflects off marine organisms. |
| D．The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton. |
| A．Health. | B．Education. | C．Environment. |
4 . As many as 10 of the 17 kinds of penguins(企鹅)may be in danger of disappearing.The number of penguins have decreased by 30% since 1987.
Penguins are black and white birds that live in the southern part of the world.They are common in South America，New Zealand，Australia and South Africa.Many live near cold waters.But some live near warm waters in Galapagos Islands.Penguins cannot fly，but they are fine swimmers.Penguins eat fish and krill(磷虾)．
The warming of the earth is the reason for the decrease in the number of penguins.The heating of the air has caused ocean waters to become warmer.Higher water temperatures have reduced the supply of fish and krill.Some years later these birds are completely unable to reproduce(繁殖)．Besides，many adult penguins die of hunger.
Widespread(广泛的) fishing，exploration for oil and oil leaks(漏) also make penguins be in danger.Poisonous things in ocean waters are another danger.Penguins also have their enemies，including wild dogs，sharks，seals and sea lions.
News about penguins is not all bad，however.Several years ago，oil leaking from a ship hurt 40% of the penguins in South Africa.The penguins became covered with oil.But thousands of people helped clean and treat the birds well.Then they returned the penguins to the wild.Now these South African penguins are reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking.
1. The first paragraph tells us that ________.| A．some new kinds of penguins appear |
| B．all the penguins are in danger of disappearing |
| C．for more than 20 years，the number of penguins has decreased by 30% |
| D．there are twentyseven kinds of penguins in all |
| A．They are black. |
| B．They are white. |
| C．They are black or white. |
| D．They are black and white. |
| A．can swim better than fly |
| B．can be found near Oceania(大洋洲) |
| C．eat fish only |
| D．live only in cold waters |
| A．Oil leaking. | B．Widespread fishing. |
| C．Human’s killing. | D．Warming of the oceans. |
1．节水节电；2.垃圾分类；3.少用纸巾，重拾手帕；4.步行，骑自行车或乘坐公交车。
参考词汇：低碳low carbon 手帕handkerchief
注意：1.词数80～100；
2．要适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Dear Jack，
Thank you for your letter asking about our discussion on low－carbon lifestyle.Here is something about it.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Best wishes，
Li Hua
6 . Scientists at the University of Hawaii at Manoa studied a huge area in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean known as the Clarion－Clipperton Zone，or CCZ to find and study new sea species.
Diva Amon，a researcher at the University says usually deep sea biologists think there is not a lot living in the deep sea.
“But we found that actually there is quite a lot living there，and so that was really exciting. . . ” she says.
The group is studying the area because the CCZ，a huge and flat area of seabed，is known to have valuable minerals. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is allowing the company UK Seabed Resources Ltd. to explore the area on the Pacific Ocean floor for mining. However，the ISA said the company must first complete a biological study of the area before it can begin mining for metals. So，the company employed Amon and her group.
Amon says that more than half of the animals they collected were completely new to science. Her group discovered not only new species，but new genera (动植物的属) of animals.
Biological oceanographer Paul Snelgrove says that finding new species in the deep ocean is common. But，he said，finding a new genus “is really great”.
Amon warns that if mining happens across the whole area，the ecosystem would be largely destroyed. But，she says，we will find the least damaging way to make mining possible.
“There is a sort of scientific push to try and slow things down a bit so that the science can be done before. . . so it can be done with the least influence possible. . . ” she says.
“It’s likely we are going to develop at least some parts of these deep ocean environments and do it in a way that’s going to minimize (最小化) our influence，”says Paul.
1. What did scientists try to find out in the CCZ?| A．Whether there is life. |
| B．Whether there are valuable minerals. |
| C．What sea life exists there. |
| D．What metals lie under the sea floor. |
| A．It’s something unusual. |
| B．It’s nothing to be surprised at. |
| C．It has a far－reaching effect on science. |
| D．It proves common species will change. |
| A．Careful. | B．Doubtful. |
| C．Unsupportive. | D．Uninterested. |
| A．Mining. |
| B．A scientific push. |
| C．Finding the least damaging way. |
| D．Developing the ocean environments. |
7 . Yosemite is a national park in California. It is very beautiful and big. The park includes more than 760,000 acres in the California Mountains. Most of the park is wilderness.
The part of Yosemite that everyone likes is Yosemite Valley. It is a tiny valley that is 7 miles long and less than 1 mile wide. It has tall rock walls and streams that splash down in waterfalls. More than two million visitors come to the valley each year.
One ranger (守护人) says the number of visitors is more than the land can handle. The valley has 4,500 camping spots. It has a hotel that can hold 4, 000 families. This is still not enough to handle all of the visitors. The valley has grown so big that it has a lot of traffic and crime.
A worker says the park is trying to keep the beauty of the park and let everyone visit. Some areas have been fenced off from people and planted with seeds to try to keep them beautiful.
A former worker thinks Yosemite should get more money to take better care of the park. He would also like to teach people what the park service is trying to do.
Some people are trying to save Yosemite Valley. A plan has been made to get rid of some buildings. There will be fewer cars allowed inside the park. More buses will help get people around.
1. According to the passage, which of the following should be rid of?| A．Some of the trees. | B．Some of the water. |
| C．Some of the families. | D．Some of the buildings. |
| A．Yosemite is a national park located in the California desert. |
| B．Some people think the amount of visitors is more than the land can handle. |
| C．The valley has 4, 500 parking spots and some hotels. |
| D．Most of Yosemite park is full of traffic and crime. |
| A．so some visitors can stay there alone | B．in order to supply an area for camping |
| C．so visitors can go fishing and barbecuing | D．and workers will plant seeds |
| A．Yosemite is a beautiful national park | B．Yosemite is faced with a new problem |
| C．Yosemite is wilderness | D．Yosemite attracts a great many visitors each year |
8 . It is the year 3000. I come to a place where I can’t see any water, plants or animals but black clouds in the sky and sand everywhere. It’s very dry so I drink some water that I carry with me. A native sees what I do and asks “What is it?” I pour some water and tell him it’s called water. “Oh, I’m so lucky that I can see water!” the man shouts in an excited voice. “You have never seen water? But how can you live without water?” I ask.
“Harry, get up, it is 7 o'clock, or you will be late!” a voice comes to my ears. “Oh! What a strange dream I dreamed just now!”
In class, I always think of that dream. And I also think of the fresh air, clean water, blue sky, green plants and animals in our world nowadays. How beautiful our life is!
But in order to make more money, people have built more and more factories. These factories send out waste smoke and water with chemicals which are harmful to the environment. The pollution is becoming worse and worse, and as a result, some animals and plants die out. With the development of agriculture, farmers spray aerosol (喷雾) and fertilizer, which also pollute the water and air. In the street the cars and buses are sending out heavy smoke which pollutes the air badly. Even tourism is harmful to the environment. When some tourists travel somewhere, they throw the plastic bags and rubbish onto the ground.
These behaviors are polluting the environment and the environment will become the greatest problem of the world. We shouldn’t pollute the environment any more. Otherwise more and more animals and plants will disappear. And maybe my dream will come true in the future.
1. In the place I come to, I can’t see .| A．plants | B．man |
| C．clouds | D．sand. |
| A．a dog | B．one of the author’s friends |
| C．the author’s sister | D．the author |
| A．is satisfied with | B．is worried about |
| C．is angry about | D．has an optimistic attitudes towards |
| A．cars and buses | B．fertilizer |
| C．tourism | D．man |
| A．Use less plastics. |
| B．Cut plastics out of life. |
| C．Collect plastics in the ocean. |
| A．How to sort out rubbish. |
| B．How to ensure city safety. |
| C．How to protect the environment. |
