1 . “Developed and developing nations can learn from each other seeking a low-carbon economy. In terms of energy saving and green economy, China doesn’t lag behind developed nations,” said Zhou Changyi, director of the energy saving department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
“While we can learn many aspects from developed nations, they also should learn something from us, such as water conservation,” Zhou said in a speech during the new Path of China’s Industrialization forum at the ongoing China International Industry Fair.
He said industrialized nations and China are dealing with different issues to fight climate change. The United Kingdom, for example, is concerned about transport, buildings and new energy in reducing carbon emissions. For China, the most urgent task is how to realize new type of industrialization and avoid mistakes that other countries made when they industrialized.
Swiss power and automation technology group ABB called for a stronger focus on product life-cycle assessment, or LCA, which is used to study the environmental impact of a product from the research and manufacturing stage through its usage and recycling.
Tobias Becker, head of ABB’s process automation division for North Asia and China, said LCA is an effective tool in helping manufacturing industries to reduce carbon emissions.
LCA shows that industrial customers should focus on a product’s environmental impact throughout its life-cycle instead of on its initial investment.
Richard Hausmann, North East Asia CEO of Siemens, said, “The color of future industrialization is green. ”
The Germany company recently announces that it wants to receive orders worth more than 6 billion Euros ( US 8. 8 billion) for intelligent power networks, Smart Grid, over the next five years. Siemens has set a 20 percent market share target for the global smart grid business.
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology, advanced sensors specialized computers that save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. The United States and China are considered the two biggest markets for smart grid.
1. Which of the following can best replace the underlined phrase “lag behind” in Paragraph 1?| A．act better than | B．perform worse than |
| C．run faster than | D．keep quieter than |
| A．Small in size | B．Low-cost |
| C．Energy-saving | D．Security |
| A．Intelligent Power Networks |
| B．Low-carbon Economy a Shared Goal |
| C．Two Biggest Markets for Smart Grid |
| D．Developed and Developing Nations Can Learn from Each Other |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
It is important to deal with the rubbish in cities. Many citizens who unaware of the importance of protecting the environment throw away their rubbish in a way unfriendly to the environment. Rubbish must be treated properly. Thus, it may cause a lot of problems. It may result in the air and water is polluted. When people breathe and drink which has been polluted, we will get ill.
To our happiness, our city has begun to pay attention to the problems. As far as I know, some rubbish is sorted and sent to different factory. Rubbish, such as glass and old newspapers, are recycled. Some harmful rubbish is sent to the certain place and buried. Waste air is cleaned before it goes into the air. Waste water is treated before it is poured into rivers. To protect the environment, the government has passed laws to prevent people from throwing rubbish everywhere, made our city much cleaner than before. As individuals, we should do our part to fight against illegal actions at anytime we find them.
3 . Since the sex of a sea turtle(海龟)is determined by the heat of sand hatching the eggs, scientists had suspected they might see slightly more females. Climate change, after all, has driven sea temperatures higher, which, in these creatures, favors female children. They found female sea turtles from Raine Island, the Pacific Ocean's largest and most important green sea turtle living area, now outnumber males by at least 116 to 1. "This is extreme," says turtle scientist Camryn Allen.
Biologist Michael Jensen wanted to know if climate change had already changed turtles' sexes. By using genetic(基因的) tests, he'd figured out that he could follow turtles of all ages. Still, his research data would lack an important detail: sex. Only after a turtle matures is it possible to tell its sex from the outside -- mature males have slightly longer tails. By then turtles can be decades old, so scientists often use Iaparoscopy(腹腔镜检查)，sending a thin tube into each animal, but that's not so practical if you're hoping to examine hundreds of creatures. Fortunately, at a turtle conference, he met Allen, and all she needed was a little blood.
They compared their results with temperature data for nesting beaches. What worries them is that Raine Island has been producing almost female turtles for at least 20 years. This is no small thing. More than 200,000 turtles come to nest there. During high season, 18,000 turtles may settle in at once. "But what happens in 20 years when there are no more males coming up as adults? Are there enough to maintain the population?" says Allen. They also found cooler beaches in the south are still producing males, but that in the north, it's almost entirely females hatching. These findings clearly point to the fact that climate change is changing many aspects of wildlife biology.
But how widespread is this phenomenon -- and what is the consequence?
1. How might the scientists feel if there were slightly more female turtles?| A．It's normal. | B．It's unique. | C．It's extreme. | D．It's doubtful. |
| A．Testing its blood. | B．Doing genetic tests. |
| C．Using laparoscopy. | D．Watching its tail. |
| A．Too many females gather near Raine Island. | B．Sea turtles may end up dying out. |
| C．Turtle populations are in decline. | D．Female turtles cause temperatures to rise. |
| A．People should stop the phenomenon. |
| B．People have to test the consequence. |
| C．Climate change has changed sea turtles' sexes. |
| D．More work needs doing about the phenomenon. |
4 . Not only does the use of plastic water bottles hurt your wallet, it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water. Only 23% of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin, meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year. Recently, Skipping Rocks Lab has invented a kind of water bottle called Ooho.
It is a convenient, clear water bottle that can either be drunken or eaten. To drink it, you can either peel off the membrane (薄膜) or tear a hole in the membrane with your teeth to pour the water into your mouth. To eat it, you simply put the whole bottle in your mouth. One problem the scientists have run into is how to ship large amounts of Ooho bubbles(水泡) without arriving with a very wet truck. However, they have attempted to package units of individual bubbles together inside a larger and thicker membrane. It is targeting large outdoor events, such as marathons, music festivals, and sporting events, where tons of plastic bottles are used, and frequently left behind as litter. And too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment, which could account for their purpose of such a new invention.
The team has been working for the past two years to develop the technology and materials needed to produce Ooho; they have recently applied a patent for their new advancements. The price for an individual bubble or a unit of bubbles has not been set yet, but they cost about two cents to create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bottles. It has appeared at events in London, San Francisco, Boston, at conferences, festivals, and so on.
Ooho is catching many people’s attention and has raised over $ 1 million and gained 1,000 investors in only three days. It is mostly being sold at events at the moment to keep the consumer’s interest while the production machine is getting up and running. It is quickly making a rise,so keep an eye out this year for these bottles of the future.
1. How is most plastic dealt with in America?| A．It’s sold. | B．It’s recycled. |
| C．It’s buried. | D．It’s wasted. |
| A．To make a profit for a company. | B．To protect the environtnent. |
| C．To make people eat as they drink. | D．To reduce the cost of plastic bottle. |
| A．It is easy and safe to ship it in large amounts. |
| B．It has become popular since it began to be sold. |
| C．It might be sold at a lower price than plastic bottles. |
| D．It cost the team a lot of money to develop the technology. |
| A．Ooho is to be a success in the future. |
| B．Ooho is being supported by smart people. |
| C．Ooho is taking the place of plastic bottles now. |
| D．Ooho is being produced to attract more investors. |
5 . Food blogs, celebrities, and nutritionists all advocate the benefits of eating organic (有机的) fruits and vegetables. But a new study published in Science Advances paints a more complex picture. While organic produce is likely slightly healthier to eat and, in some ways, more sustainable to grow, there are also downsides.
Organic fruits and vegetables typically cost more than conventional ones. To get a certificate as organic, farmers must meet specific criteria, including growing produce without the use of genetic engineering and chemical inputs. Without these methods, the growing process typically requires more labor, time, and money, a cost that is passed down to consumers.
It’s true that in many ways, organic is more sustainable than conventional farming. But when it comes to environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas output and water loss, the comparison gets complex. Organic farms produce less greenhouse gas output per acre. However, because they are barred from using genetic engineering, pesticides (杀虫剂), and other methods that increase efficiency (效率), organic farms also produce an estimated 19% to 25% less yield than conventional farms. While there isn’t a whole lot research on the topic, the few studies that do exist suggest green gas output and water loss might actually be higher on organic farms, on a per unit basis, says study author Verena Seurfert.
In addition, while organic produce is likely more nutritious than conventional fruit and vegetables, there’s not a lot of evidence to support the claim that these often slight differences influence consumer health. The same is true for pesticide remainder. In developed countries, where pesticide use is tightly regulated, there’s no scientific consensus on how these often slight differences influence human health.
Still, Seurfert stresses that if you can afford to eat organic, you should do so. Organic farms provide safer work environments for workers, plus they support great biodiversity. The real takeaway from her study is not that organic is bad but that the practice needs more studies to increase yield without lowering sustainability.
But if you can’t afford to buy organic produce, don’t stress too much, particularly from a nutritional perspective.
1. What does the underlined word “downsides” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?| A．Dangers. | B．Drawbacks. | C．Benefits. | D．Differences. |
| A．The yield. | B．The price. | C．The water loss. | D．The labor. |
| A．Farmers, work environment should be improved. |
| B．Organic produce should be made more efficiently. |
| C．It isn’t wise for consumers to buy organic products. |
| D．Pesticide remainder does no harm to people’s health. |
| A．It’s environmentally friendly. | B．It’s more nutritious. |
| C．It helps keep the variety of plants. | D．It’s safer for consumers. |
6 . The health of millions could be at risk because supplies of medicinal plants are being used up. These plants are used to make traditional medicine, including drugs to fight cancer. “The loss of medicinal plants is a quiet disaster,” says Sara Oldfield, secretary general of the NGO Botanic Gardens Conservation International.
Most people worldwide rely on herbal (药草制的) medicines which are got mostly from wild plants. But some 15,000 of the 50,000 medicinal species are under threat of dying out, according to report from the international conservation group Plantlife. Shortages have been reported in China, India, Kenya, Nepal, Tanzania and Uganda.
Over-harvesting does the most harm, though pollution and competition from invasive species (入侵物种) and habitat destruction all contribute. Businessmen generally harvest medicinal plants, not caring about sustainability (可持续性),” the Plantlife report says, “damage is serious partly because they have no idea about it, but it is mainly because such collection is unorganized”. Medicinal trees at risk include the Himalayan yew (紫衫) and the African cherry, which are used to treat some cancers.
The solution, says the report’s author, Alan Hamilton, is to encourage local people to protect these plants. Ten projects studied by Plantlife in India, Pakistan, China, Nepal, Uganda and Kenya showed this method can succeed. In Uganda, the project has kept a sustainable supply of low-cost cancer treatments, and in China a public-run medicinal plant project has been created for the first time.”
“Improving health, earning an income and keeping cultural traditions are important in encouraging people to protect medicinal plants,” says Hamilton, “You have to pay attention to what people are interested in.”
Ghillean Prance, the former director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London, agrees that medicinal plants are in need of protection. “Not nearly enough is being done,” he told New Scientist. “We are destroying the very plants that are of most use to us.”
1. From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that ________.| A．millions of people are threatened with cancer |
| B．most countries see a shortage of herbal medicines |
| C．about two thirds of medicinal species will disappear |
| D．a number of medicinal species are in danger of extinction |
| A．over-harvesting | B．habitat destruction |
| C．pollution | D．invasive species |
| A．pollution | B．other species’ invasion |
| C．sustainability | D．over-harvesting |
| A．Protecting medicinal plants has a long way to go. |
| B．Local people don’t know how to protect medicinal plants. |
| C．Ghillean Prance is optimistic about medicinal plants’ future. |
| D．China has made great progress in protecting medicinal plants. |
7 . A smartphone program is helping scientists learn about changes taking place in nature. More than 100,000 citizen-scientists around the world are taking pictures of many kinds of plants and animals using a program called iNaturalist. The program gives researchers much information about where plants and animals live, and how a growing human population is changing plant and animal life.
In Arlington, Virginia, naturalists are making a record of the plants and animals that live in the heavily populated area.
Alonso Abugattas is the local government’s natural resources manager. He works to protect and improve Arlington’s natural spaces. The group is using the iNaturalist smartphone program to record its observations. Then iNaturalist users throughout the world can look at the images and try to help recognize them. The program records where and when the picture was taken. This lets experts like Abugattas and others create maps that show where plants and animals are living, and how that changes because of development and climate change. That is important in Arlington and around the world.
Scott Loarie is co-director of iNaturalist. He said species are dying at a faster speed than ever, and the mix of life on Earth is threatened. “And we’ve only begun to understand exactly how those ecosystems contribute to our food system, or human health—all these things that we depend on.”
Loarie says iNaturalist lets citizen-scientists help professional (专业的) scientists gather data of the wild plants and animals in the world. More than 100,000 iNaturalist observers on all seven continents have made more than four-and-a-half million observations. The information has been used in studies of other animals.
Alonso Abugattas says the group in Arlington recorded more than 450 kinds of animals and plants. “If you just open up your eyes to the natural world, you’d be amazed at what’s out there.”
1. Which of the following is the function of the iNaturalist smartphone program?| A．Creating maps to show climate change. |
| B．Reminding experts to make out the photos. |
| C．Marking the time and places of the photos. |
| D．Writing down the names of species in the photos. |
| A．The goal of iNaturalist. |
| B．The regret for dying species. |
| C．The importance of scientists. |
| D．The value of species to humans. |
| A．It calls on people in the world to change nature. |
| B．It directly helps professional scientists to gather data. |
| C．It gets wildlife information and data from all over the world. |
| D．It lets professional scientists pay attention to humans’ behaviors. |
| A．Two Heads Are Better Than One |
| B．A Cheap Way to Study Plants and Animals |
| C．Measures Are Being Taken to Protect Plants and Animals |
| D．Naturalists Use a Smartphone Programme to Take Photos of Wildlife |
8 . Colorado officials will stick to a plan to kill some mountain lions and bears to support the state’s dropping mule deer (长耳鹿) population.
Wednesday’s vote permits organizations to kill up to 25 black bears and 15 mountain lions per year in the central and western parts of the state. The project will run for three years, to be followed by a six-year study of how deer populations respond to fewer predators(捕食者).
The population of Colorado’s mule deer has suffered a puzzling, years-long drop to about 450,000, which state officials said was about 110,000 fewer than there should be. A 2014 state study tied it to seven causes, including predators, whose number has greatly increased in recent years.
Some experts, however, said the state should focus first on the human-led destruction(破坏) of mule deer habitat(栖息地). “The drop of the mule deer population is obviously not a simple problem with simple causes,” Brian Kurzel, director of the National Wildlife Federation, said. “By far, the greatest problem—the one that I think deserves the most attention in any science-based study—is habitat quantity and quality.”
Kurzel pointed out that the U.S Bureau of Land Management recently agreed to create 15,000 new oil and gas wells somewhere in western Cororado, which was often called “the mule-deer factory”. There, the number of mule deer has fallen to about 30,000 from more than 100,000 in the early 1980s. Though state officials have known oil and gas development affects the population of mule deer, they didn’t go against the plan.
Other causes like building highways, population growth and human activities are also curbing the mule deer population, according to the study.
State Parks and Wildlife officials don’t necessarily disagree. They started a $4.5 million program as a way to gather research for later decisions.
1. Why do Colorado officials want to have so many mountain lions and bears killed?| A．To stop them hurting people. |
| B．To leave more habitat for mule deer. |
| C．To stop the mule deer population from dropping. |
| D．To help researchers carry out a three-year-long study. |
| A．Protecting their habitat. | B．Providing enough food for them. |
| C．Reducing the number of their predators. | D．Asking the government to make an effort. |
| A．limiting. | B．ensuring. | C．increasing. | D．protecting. |
| A．Decisions will be made in one year. |
| B．Habitat loss is the main cause of the drop. |
| C．Human activities aren’t responsible for the drop. |
| D．It’s too early to say what exactly caused the drop. |
9 . The Lifecycle of a T-shirt
We all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You’d probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.
There are 5 major stages: material, production, shipping, use and disposal The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning（轧花）. While cotton is a natural fiber (纤维）and not as harmful to the environment as manmade fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂）is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.
Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting（编织）, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc.——these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.
After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stage. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服）are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck…，all of which spill CO2 into the atmosphere. Calculations show that CO2 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.
Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you’ve washed and dried your favorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.
The final stage of life is disposal. This releases harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.
We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let’s all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing... It has a real impact on the planet.
There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycle clothes. If they’re too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat(恒温器) on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.
1. The underlined phrase “takes a toll” probably means “ ”| A．wastes water | B．takes a lot of time |
| C．uses energy | D．has a bad effect |
| A．pesticides in cotton farming cost over 4 billion dollars every year |
| B．C02 emissions of land transport amount to 1.15 pounds per mile |
| C．about 15% of the clothes and shoes are made of materials that are recycled |
| D．about 16, 000 gallons of water is used annually by an average family on laundry |
| A．The production process may affect water safety. |
| B．The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India. |
| C．Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down. |
| D．The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages. |
| A．To encourage people to donate clothes to charity. |
| B．To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes. |
| C．To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton. |
| D．To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing. |
10 . She looked up at me sadly, her pain unbearable obvious. I
I couldn’t help but think that these
Earlier that day, our group of forty high school students had learned that those endangered sea turtles were being
I had always been conscious of the damage our environment was suffering
| A．recognized | B．introduced | C．watched | D．satisfied |
| A．strange | B．missing | C．shining | D．complex |
| A．troublesome | B．rare | C．ugly | D．unfortunate |
| A．skillful | B．stubborn | C．intelligent | D．careless |
| A．studied | B．discovered | C．killed | D．displayed |
| A．because of | B．in case of | C．in spite of | D．apart from |
| A．report | B．lessen | C．escape | D．prove |
| A．so | B．but | C．or | D．and |
| A．see | B．predict | C．prevent | D．experience |
| A．boater | B．fisherman | C．visitor | D．turtle |
| A．pain | B．dirt | C．mask | D．sign |
| A．worry | B．harm | C．anger | D．shame |
| A．mention | B．form | C．change | D．check |
| A．describe | B．witness | C．investigate | D．benefit |
| A．donating | B．sharing | C．ignoring | D．recording |
| A．unless | B．before | C．while | D．though |
| A．wait | B．search | C．care | D．fight |
| A．need | B．place | C．chance | D．promise |
| A．running after | B．looking after | C．naming after | D．getting after |
| A．food | B．coin | C．litter | D．metal |
