1 . Pollution

Pollution happens when the environment is dirtied, by waste, chemicals, and other harmful substances(物质).Pollution is a problem all over the world. But it is especially bad in large cities with a lot of industries and cars.    1    

Wildfires, volcanoes, and industrial chemicals cause some air pollution. But most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels (矿物燃料）These include coal, oil and natural gas. The burning of fossil fuels may release harmful gases. Air pollution may cause such diseases cancer and asthma. It also leads to polluted rain that can harm living things    2     Finally, air pollution damages the ozone layer(臭氧层)which is important because it protects Earth against harmful rays from the sun.

Causes of water pollution are easy to see. People dump(倾倒) garbage and dirty water into river, lakes and oceans. Factories or cities sometimes release poisonous chemicals, and other wastes into water. These chemicals may make the groundwater unfit to drink.    3    

Littering, or throwing garbage on the ground, is a form of land pollution. Litter can destroy the habitats of plants and animals. The buildup of dangerous chemicals in the ground is another form of land pollution. The chemicals may come from farms or factories.    4     They may even harm people who eat the polluted plants and animals.

Many governments, environmental groups, and ordinary people are working to control pollution. Governments have passed laws to keep people from releasing dangerous chemicals into the environment     5     Instead they are getting power from the sun, wind, water, and other energy sources to produce less pollution. Many communities use recycling to reduce pollution.

A．Farmers use chemical to help crops grow.

B．This type of pollution may be seen in big cities.

C．They also can harm fish and other forms of life.

D．These chemicals can spread to plants and animals.

E．In addition, air pollution may be a cause of global warming.

F．There are three main forms of pollution: air, water, and land.

G．Some companies and people are trying to use fewer fossil fuels.

2 . As Shanghai prepared to introduce mandatory(强制的) garbage sorting on July 1, games and toys that examined fun ways to spread information about the garbage sorting were to encourage younger people to take action.

A 15-second video of a game went on Chinese social media. In the video, players wearing VR(虚拟) headsets saw four different types of trash can in front of them, and had to throw different types of garbage into the right buckets(桶) to get points. Although it was not the only VR game in the place, visitors lined up around the booth to explore it because of the garbage-sorting theme.

“As a Shanghai, I am in great need of this game. Maybe I won’t need to check how to categorize(分类) each piece of garbage on my phone while going through all my garbage every day if I play this game more often, ” said ZhouZhou, a young Shanghai. But some social media users in Shanghai have complained about the difficulty of sorting different types of garbage.

Wu Xia, founder and CEO of VitrellaCore, the company that created the game, said the idea was to provide an interesting way of learning about garbage sorting. “It’s simple and easy to understand. People can practice sorting garbage without actually going through their trash, and it is a more effective method than using paper materials when training volunteers,” Wu said.

1. What is the purpose of the VR game?

A．Just for fun.

B．Teach students to sort garbage.

C．Do exercise.

D．Keep fit.

2. What do some people complain about?

A．It is too hard to sort garbage.

B．There are too many people lining up.

C．The VR game should be more interesting.

D．There are more ways to use paper materials.

3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the last Paragraph?

A．successful

B．interesting

C．traditional

D．disappointing

4. What is the main idea of the text?

A．Young people like VR games more.

B．Shanghai performs mandatory garbage sorting.

C．Games were used to help young people sort garbage.

D．Learning by playing VR games is practical for the young.

3 . Hailing from Sweden, “plogging” is a fitness craze that sees participants pick up plastic litter while jogging adding a virtuous, environmentally driven element to the sport. Plogging appears to have started around 2016, but is now going global, due to increasing awareness and __ over plastic levels in the ocean.

The appeal of plogging is its __—all you need is running gear and a bin bag, and the feeling of getting fit while supporting a good cause. By adding regular squats(蹲) to pick up junk and carrying __ to jogging. we can assume the health benefits are increased.

Running and good causes have always gone __ — just think of all the fundraising marathon runners do. But there couldn’t be a more on-trend way of keeping fit than plogging.

Anything that’s getting people out in nature and connecting __ with their environment is a good thing, says Lizzie Carr, an environmentalist who helped set up Plastic Patrol, a nationwide campaign to __ our inland waterways of plastic pollution. There’s been a real __ in the public mindset around plastics, helped by things like Blue Planet highlighting how disastrous the crisis is,” she says.

We need to keep momentum high and the pressure up, and empower people through __ like plogging and Plastic Patrol.

The plastic Patrol app allows users to __ plastic anywhere in the world by collecting discarded items, photographing them and __ to the app, giving us a better knowledge of what sorts of plastic and which brands are being thrown out. “I’d urge all ploggers to get involved,” adds Carr.

Plogging isn’t the first fitness trend to combine running with a good cause, Here are some of our favourites:

Good Gym

Its idea is simple: go for a run, visit an elderly person, have a chat and some tea, and run back.

__ among the elderly is a growing problem in the UK. With over 10,000 runs so far, __, Good Gym is finding a solution.

Guide Running

Guide runners volunteer their time to helping blind people get __. By linking themselves together, the __ —impaired individual can feel safe while both work of a sweat.

___for the Homeless

Start-up Stuart Delivery and the Church Housing Trust collaborated last year in bringing clothing and healthy food to the homeless. Deliveries are mostly made by bike, so those who deliver keep fit while helping rough sleepers(无家可归者).

1.

A．satisfaction

B．hesitation

C．fear

D．control

2.

A．complexity

B．simplicity

C．instrument

D．expense

3.

A．substance

B．responsibility

C．value

D．weight

4.

A．one on one

B．head to toe

C．hand in hand

D．on and off

5.

A．positively

B．neutrally

C．objectively

D．fairly

6.

A．accuse

B．rid

C．assure

D．rob

7.

A．shift

B．interest

C．aid

D．delight

8.

A．motives

B．performances

C．exercises

D．initiatives

9.

A．eliminate

B．map

C．seek

D．degrade

10.

A．leading

B．devoting

C．ending

D．uploading

11.

A．Disappointment

B．Tiredness

C．Sickness

D．Loneliness

12.

A．therefore

B．moreover

C．however

D．instead

13.

A．excited

B．ready

C．active

D．smart

14.

A．visually

B．audibly

C．visibly

D．sensibly

15.

A．Running

B．Plogging

C．Driving

D．Cycling

4 . A Call to Action

We are here today because we want to stop global warming. Like me, you are trying hard to ________ your own personal carbon footprint. And these small, _____ changes do have an impact, do help ________our carbon emissions.

But it is not________ for individuals to change. We need governments to change. We need industry to change. We need big changes if we want to prevent global warming ________ destroying our planet.

One third of our global carbon emissions---35 percent---comes from_____ electricity. As a result, we need government and industry to work together to lower these ________, more importantly, to develop new, cleaner technology to heat our homes,________ our factories, and to keep lights ________.

Another 20 percent, 20 percent of our emissions comes from transportation. _____, We need government and industry to work together to build more energy _______ cars and trucks. Good ________ public transportation will allow us to ________ our cars and the pollution they produce forever.

Another 20 percent of all emissions comes from industry---our factories and businesses. They ________ tons upon tons of carbon into the air every_____minute. It is time to say enough! We need these businesses to lower their own_____ carbon footprints.

So my ________to you today is: keep trying to reduce your personal carbon footprint. But also stand up, stand up and ________ that government and industry do their ________, because that is what will make a _______ .

1.

A．increase

B．decrease

C．fall

D．dominate

2.

A．individual

B．public

C．collective

D．united

3.

A．promote

B．undertake

C．lower

D．assist

4.

A．fair

B．tough

C．rough

D．enough

5.

A．to

B．with

C．from

D．on

6.

A．generating

B．creating

C．completing

D．differentiating

7.

A．admissions

B．permissions

C．emissions

D．transmissions

8.

A．make

B．power

C．destroy

D．maintain

9.

A．out

B．within

C．beyond

D．on

10.

A．Therefore

B．However

C．Nonetheless

D．Besides

11.

A．primitive

B．hazardous

C．uneven

D．efficient

12.

A．commercial

B．polluted

C．quality

D．fragile

13.

A．get rid of

B．count on

C．do damage to

D．get exposed to

14.

A．assault

B．release

C．diminish

D．spray

15.

A．few

B．single

C．another

D．each

16.

A．flammable

B．vocational

C．personal

D．recreational

17.

A．data

B．information

C．news

D．message

18.

A．convert

B．demand

C．digest

D．renew

19.

A．part

B．role

C．standard

D．characteristics

20.

A．living

B．point

C．deal

D．difference

5 . If you really want to go green, here’s good news: eating green foods is good for you. The very foods with a high carbon dioxide cost — dairy products, processed snacks — also tend to be filled with fat and calories. A green diet would be mostly vegetables and fruits, wholegrains, fish and lean meats like chicken — a diet that’s eco- and waistline-friendly. Eating green foods can be healthier and beneficial to the climate.

It may be hard to believe that a meal at McDonalds produces more carbon dioxide than that your trip to a faraway place produces. More than 37% of the world’s land is used for agriculture, much of which was once forested. Deforestation (砍伐森林) is a major source of carbon dioxide. The fertilizer (肥料) and machinery needed on a modern farm also have a large carbon footprint, as does the network of ships and trucks that brings the food from the farm to your plate.

The most efficient way to reduce the carbon footprint of your menu is to eat less meat, especially beef. Raising cattle takes a lot more energy than growing the equivalent (相等的) amount of grains, fruits or vegetables. What’s more, the majority of cattle in the U.S. are fed on grains and the fertilizer used to grow grains creates separate environmental problems.

Focus on eating food lower on the food chain, with more plants and fruits and less meat and fewer dairy products. It’s simple. We can change today what goes into our bodies for the health of our planet and ourselves.

1. According to the passage, eating green foods will ______.

A．protect the animals from being killed

B．promote the development of agriculture

C．help us lose weight and keep self-confidence

D．be good for our health and make a change of the climate

2. What will not lead to carbon dioxide in the agriculture?

A．Deforestation.	B．Grains.
C．Machinery.	D．Fertilizer.

3. In the author’s opinion, the most efficient way to reduce carbon dioxide is to ______.

A．eat more vegetables than meat

B．stop raising cattle

C．plant more grains

D．use less fertilizer

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．The benefits of eating green foods.

B．How to reduce carbon dioxide.

C．The change of our menu.

D．The ways of keeping healthy.

6 . 请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。

More than 100,000 volunteers in 132 cities spent a weekend picking up plastic and other waste across the country, in a joint worldwide effort to clean up the planet.

To celebrate the 10th World Cleanup Day on Sept 15, some 700 non­profit NGOs (non­governmental originations) and social groups held activities aimed at cleaning up the environment and tackling the waste crisis throughout China, mobilizing an estimated 1 million­plus people.

From snowcapped mountains to vast oceans, people united in taking action to remove waste from the environment to raise awareness of the severity of the crisis.

“Where there is a will, every day can be and should be ‘Cleanup Day’, says Ma Yongjian, a volunteer from Beijing who recently did “plogging”—jogging while picking up trash—with his friends in Yudong Park in the northwest of the city.

“We must change the way of living we are used to, to reduce waste from its source,” says Joe Harvey, a British national and promoter of “zero waste” lifestyles in China. He and his girlfriend Carrie Yu created The Bulk House, a brand that provides zero­waste solutions for daily living. They are urging people to reduce or eliminate the use of plastic and single­use disposables, such as plastic utensils, bags and beverage bottles.

Sounding a note of caution, Mao Da, a specialist in environmental history at Beijing Normal University, says: “In recent years, the massive consumption and materialistic craze have worsened the waste situation as trash has been produced at a faster pace and in greater quantities.”

【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括文章大意；
2. 以约120个词就“世界清理日”这个主题发表你的看法，内容要包括如下要点：
(1) 你对于“世界清理日”及类似活动有哪些看法？
(2) 你觉得要采取哪些措施来保持环境整洁？
【写作要求】
1. 可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接照抄原文；2. 标题自定。
【评分标准】 概括准确、语言规范、内容合适、篇章连贯。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7 . Flying insects are polluting new environments by eating microplastics in polluted waters and carrying them through the air, a new study has found.

UK researchers found that microplastics -- pieces of plastic less than 5 millimeters in size -- remain in the bodies of mosquitoes and other waterborne insects even after they become flying adults.

The findings mean that pollution from plastics being dumped into our oceans is being carried into the air, and raises concerns that birds and other creatures that eat the insects are also being polluted.

The team from the University of Reading in England and Queen’s University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, inserted two minuscule pieces of polystyrene, each weighing just over one gram per cubic centimeter, into young mosquitoes and observed the insects throughout their life cycles. They found that the particles did not disappear from the mosquitoes’ systems after the insects moved between life stages and started to fly, and were present inside the fully formed insects. “When the microplastics become the adults, it represents a potential aerial pathway to pollution of new environments,” the authors wrote in the study.

“Thus, any organism that feeds on terrestrial life phases of freshwater insects could be affected by MPs found in aquatic ecosystems ( 水生态系统),” they added, using an abbreviation for microplastics. Freshwater insects such as mosquitoes are eaten by birds, amphibians, insects and fish, according to the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States. More than 150 million tons of plastic are floating in the world's oceans, with an additional eight million tons entering every year, according to the World Economic Forum. Plastic can be eaten by fish, birds and marine mammals, and can damage marine ecosystems such as coral reefs.

“This disturbing study raises real concerns about the spread of plastic pollution: it really is present everywhere, not just the marine environment,” said plastic pollution campaigner Emma Priestland from the charity Friends of the Earth.

“Knowing that plastic can be moved from the larval stage to the adult mosquito, which then serves as food to a multitude of larger animals, highlights the urgency with which we need to.”

A study from 2015 estimated that the total amount of floating plastic in the oceans could triple by 2025.

1. According to a new study, what has been found?

A．Pieces of plastic less than 5 millimeters only remain in the bodies of mosquitoes.

B．Pieces of plastic will disappear after waterborne insects become flying adults.

C．Pieces of plastic will remain in the bodies of waterborne insects.

D．Pieces of plastic more than 5 millimeters remain in the bodies of waterborne insects.

2. How did the team from the University of Reading and Queen's University do their research?

A．They inserted two minuscule pieces of polystyrene into old mosquitoes.

B．They weighed the young mosquitoes.

C．They observed the insects throughout their life cycles.

D．They observed the insects after they started to fly.

3. What’s the main idea of this passage?

A．Plastic is harmful to the environment.

B．We should reduce our plastic consumption.

C．We should protect insects.

D．We should protect animals.

8 . We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.

As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

1. What does the author think of new devices?

A．They are environment-friendly.	B．They are no better than the old.
C．They cost more to use at home.	D．They go out of style quickly.

2. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?

A．To reduce the cost of minerals.

B．To test the life cycle of a product.

C．To update consumers on new technology.

D．To find out electricity consumption of the devices.

3. Which of the following uses the least energy?

A．The box-set TV.	B．The tablet.
C．The LCD TV.	D．The desktop computer.

4. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?

A．Stop using them.	B．Take them apart.
C．Upgrade them.	D．Recycle them.