1 . Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
以”电子垃圾(e-waste)的危害”为主题写一篇作文。文章必须包括以下内容:
(1)现象:电子垃圾数量增多；
(2)电子垃圾的危害；
(3)我们应该采取的措施。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 . How to deal with waste has been a problem since humans started producing it. As more and more people choose to live close together in cities, the waste-disposal problem becomes increasingly difficult.

During the eighteenth century, it was usual for several neighboring towns to get together to select a faraway spot as a dump site (垃圾填埋场). Residents or trash haulers (垃圾拖运者) would transport household rubbish, rotted wood, and old possessions to the site. Periodically some of the trash was burned and the rest was buried. The unpleasant sights and smells caused no problem because nobody lived close by.

Factories, mills, and other industrial sites also had waste to be disposed of. Those located on rivers often just dumped the unwanted remains into the water. Others built huge burners with chimneys to deal with the problem.

Several facts make these choices unacceptable to modern society. The first problem is space. Dumps, which are now called landfills, are most needed in heavily populated areas. Such areas seldom have empty land suitable for this purpose. Land is either too expensive or too close to residential neighborhoods. Long-distance trash hauling has been a common practice, but once farm areas are refusing to accept rubbish from elsewhere, cheap land within trucking distance of major city areas is almost nonexistent.

Awareness of pollution dangers has led to more strict rules of waste disposal. Pollution of rivers, ground water, land and air is a price people can no longer pay to get rid of waste. The amount of waste, however, continues to grow.

Recycling efforts have become commonplace, and many towns require their people to take part. Even the most efficient recycling programs, however, can hope to deal with only about 50 per cent of a city’s reusable waste.

1. The most suitable title for this passage would be “ _________ ”.

A．Places for Disposing Waste	B．Waste Disposal Problem
C．Ways of Getting Rid of Waste	D．Waste Pollution Dangers.

2. During the 18th century, people disposed their waste in many ways EXCEPT ______.

A．recycling it	B．burying it
C．burning it	D．throwing it into rivers

3. It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that in modern society ______.

A．farm areas willingly accept waste from the city

B．there is cheap land to bury waste

C．ways to deal with waste stay the same as those in the past

D．it is no longer possible to have landfills, even in rural areas

4. The main purpose of writing this article is to ______.

A．suggest a better way to get rid of waste

B．warn people of the pollution dangers we are facing

C．call on people to take part in recycling programs

D．draw people’s attention to waste management

3 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Lower Oxygen Levels Threaten Marine Life

Oxygen in the oceans is being lost at an alarming rate, with “dead zones” expanding rapidly and hundreds more areas showing oxygen dangerously exhausted, putting sharks, tuna, marlin and other large fish species at particular risk. Dead zones, where oxygen is effectively absent, have quadrupled(翻两番) in extent in the last half-century, and there are also at least 700 areas where oxygen is at dangerously low levels, up from 45 when research was undertaken in the 1960s.

The reasons behind this environmental collapse are multiple. Among all, pollutants generated by the industrial world have been the most destructive force to cause the unbalance, including a rising tide of plastic waste, as well as other pollutants. Seas are about 26% more acidic than in pre-industrial times because of absorbing the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with damaging impacts on shellfish in particular.

Low oxygen levels are also associated with global heating, because the warmer water holds less oxygen and the heating causes stratification(分层), so there is less of the vital mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor layers. Oceans are expected to lose about 3-4% of their oxygen by the end of this century, but the impact will be much greater in the levels closest to the surface, where many species are concentrated, and in the mid to high latitudes.

Another major cause for lower oxygen is intensive farming. When excess artificial fertilizer from crops, or wastes from the meat industry, runs off the land and into rivers and seas, it feeds algae(藻类) which bloom and then cause oxygen consumption as they die and decay.

The problem of dead zones has been known about for decades, but little has been done to tackle it. Now is high time to take actions and help the oceans function better.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 . Edgar Degas, J. M. W. Turner and other painters captured centuries of atmospheric records as they decorated canvases with sunset scenes.

Greek Scientists worked with an artist to confirm that the ratio of red to green in sunset painting, both old and new, increased when particles filled the air, such as after major volcanic eruption（火山喷发）or dust storms. The atmosphere physicists also found a gradual shift in artistic sunset hues over centuries, possibly due to ever-increasing air pollution during the Industrial Revolution.

An earlier study, led by atmospheric physicist Christos Zerefos of the Academy of Athens in Greece, discovered that the amount of red relative to green in sunset descriptions increased after eruptions, including Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, Coseguina, Nicaragua in 1835 and Krakatau, Indonesia in 1883.

Zerefos’ team analyzed 554 paintings created between 1550 and 1990. For up to three years after eruptions, sunsets reddened as sunlight bounced off dust and gas from the volcanoes. The latest study, also by Zerefos, used improved scanning and analysis techniques to confirm the earlier results.

A modern painter, Panayiotis Tetsis, unknowingly repeated the artistic atmospheric observations of classical masters. In the artists’ description of sunsets light over the Greek island of Hydra, the color ratio shifted towards red in paintings done both before（June 19,2010）and after（June 20,2010）a dust cloud from Sahara Desert filtered the sunset’s light.

Zerefos’ team connected the timing of classical paintings’ red shift to other records of the atmosphere trapped in ice cores from Greenland, in the recent study published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. The ice cores recorded spikes（尖刺）in sulfur-containing chemicals likely from volcanoes. These spikes corresponded in time to artists’ increasingly dark red sunsets.

The comparison of ice and art also revealed a slow shift in the coloring of the sunset. As the factories of Europe roared into production in the 19th and early 20th century, painting described a steady increase in the red to green ratio. The ice cores recorded a steady rise in airborne particles from industrial pollution during the same time.

1. The underlined word“hues”in the second paragraph probably means_____.

A．angles	B．colors
C．locations	D．times

2. What do we know about Zerefos’ research from the passage?

A．Both modern and ancient artists describing sunset are involved in the research.

B．It confirmed an obvious increase in the ratio of green to red in sunset paintings.

C．The shift from green to red also existed in the records of ice cores trapped items.

D．The team used traditional techniques to confirm the earlier results of the research.

3. How did Zerefos’ team confirm that atmospheric records kept by painters were reliable?

A．By analyzing classical paintings.

B．By connecting time to color.

C．By comparing art with ice.

D．By working with an artist.

4. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A．A modern research of ancient art and ice with pollution.

B．Art Masterpiece and pollutants trapped in ice cores.

C．An increase in the ratio of red to green in paintings.

D．Art Masterpiece Recorded Centuries of Pollution.

5 . Ship tourism to Antarctica is on the rise: More than 35,000 tourists are expected to visit Antarctic this summer. In 1992-1993, 6,750 visited Antarctica, according to the Antarctica Treaty. All of this tourism, however, is putting both tourists and the environment in great danger.

Among the tourist ships that visit the continent, the Explorer, a Canadian ship, was one of the first. Put to use in 1969, it was built to carry tourists to Antarctica. Last week, however, it became the first commercial passenger ship to sink beneath the waters. Fortunately, all of the passengers and crew members were rescued from the ship. However, the sunken ship endangered the Antarctic’s fragile(脆弱的) environment. The ship was estimated to be holding 48,000 gallons of fuel.

The accident was not unexpected. Both the US and UK had warned a conference of the Antarctic Treaty member countries in May that the tourism situation in this area was a potential disaster. The US said in a paper, people “should take a hard look at tourism issues now, especially those related to ship safety.” Although the Antarctic seas are relatively calm, floating ice causes a potential threat to ships. The owner of the Explorer blamed the sinking on a fist-like hole in the ship created by ice.

Many of the other large ships now visiting Antarctica are not designed especially against thick ice. Such ships generally can only come to the continent in summer. But the tourist rush is pushing ships into dangerous situations. “The increasing number of ships operating in Antarctic means that the ship are under great pressure to get there in time for the key visiting sites,” the British government wrote in a paper at the meeting of member countries.

As a natural frontier, Antarctica is in a messy legal situation. There are no obvious answers as to who is responsible for dealing with the threat that tourist may cause to human life and the environment.

There is no coast guard for Antarctica. Do we want it to become Disneyland, or do we need some controls?

1. Which of the following is true according to this passage?

A．Antarctica tourism has a history of about 17 years.

B．The number of tourists to the Antarctic is over 5 times as large as that of 17 years ago.

C．The tourism boom has caused holes in the floating ice in the Antarctic.

D．The Antarctica Treaty is responsible for the environmental problems.

2. The sinking of the Explorer____________.

A．led to a conference about the tourism situation in the Antarctic.

B．was caused by the rough seas

C．had been predicted

D．did harm to the Antarctic.

3. In this passage, the writer suggests that___________.

A．people had better not make a tour of the Antarctic

B．ships to the Antarctic should be built strong enough

C．there should be legal controls over tourism in the Antarctic

D．the Antarctic’s environment is fragile to be protected

6 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the -words in the box. Each -word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. infections     B. factors                 C. particularly          D. separate          E. seriously        F. passive G. mixtures          H. significantly   I. present                       J. negative            K. exposed

Air pollution triggers (引发)more heart attacks than using cocaine and poses as high a risk of sparking a heart attack as alcohol, coffee and physical exertion, scientists said on Thursday. Anger, marijuana (大麻)use and chest or respiratory (与呼吸有关的)     1     can also trigger heart attacks to different extents, the researchers said, but air pollution,       2     in heavy traffic, is the major cause.

The findings, published in The Lancet journal, suggest population-wide       3     like polluted air should be taken more       4     when looking at heart risks, and should be put into context besides higher but relatively rarer risks like drug use. Tim Nawrot of Hasselt University in Belgium, who led the study, said he hoped his findings would also encourage doctors to think more often about population level risks.

Nawrot’s team combined data from thirty-six       5     studies and calculated the relative risk posed by a series of heart attack triggers and their population-attributable fraction (PAF)—in other words the proportion of total heart attacks estimated to have been caused by each trigger. “Of the triggers for heart attack studied, cocaine is the most likely to trigger an event in an individual, but traffic has the greatest population effect as more people are       6     to it,” the researchers wrote. “PAFs give a measure of how much disease would be avoided if the risk was no longer       7    . ”

A report published late last year found that air pollution in many major cities in Asia exceeds the WHO’s air quality guidelines and that poisonous       8     of pollutants result in more than 530,000 earlier deaths a year. While       9     smoking was not included in this study, Nawrot said the effects of secondhand smoke were likely to be similar to that of outdoor air pollution, and noted previous research found that bans on smoking in public places have       10     reduced heart attack rates.

7 . An art program is helping students at some of the lowest performing schools in the United States.

On June 8，much of the world ____ the United Nations World Oceans Day. The idea is to remind people how important the world’s oceans are to all life on Earth, to celebrate their beauty, and to bring attention to the ____ human activity has on the oceans.

This year, the theme is “Our Oceans, Our Future,” with special emphasis on finding solutions to plastic pollution, and ____ marine litter for a healthier ocean and a better future.

The world's oceans ____ nearly three fourths of the Earth's surface, and contain 97 percent of our planet’s water. They produce over half of our oxygen，help regulate our climate, absorb carbon dioxide，and support the greatest ____ of life on our planet.

Nearly half of all species on Earth depend on the oceans for survival, and for many of the rest, including people, the oceans ____ the quality of life.

The oceans are also ____ to the world’s economy, because they are key to transportation and recreation. As over 95 percent of the underwater area remains unexplored, it is nearly a ____ that their depths may hold the cure to many a disease, the ____ to many a problem.

And yet, as much as 40 percent of the world’s oceans are ____ affected by human activities that result in pollution, over-fishing, and loss of coastal habitats. Of particular ____ is plastic garbage. Some of it comes from ships that use our rivers, lakes and seas, and eventually ____ into the ocean. But about 8 million metric tons of plastic waste washes off land into the ocean each year.

Once there, it begins to ____ until it turns into small fragments known as micro-plastics. Plastics are a serious threat, because they degrade very slowly, trap sea creatures, damage habitats like coral reefs, and are ____ by marine animals. Researchers have documented the impacts of plastic on over 650 different marine species—including sea turtles, seals, whales, dolphins，porpoises, seabirds, and fish.

On World Oceans Day, we must remember that the health and safety of our oceans is our collective ____，one that we cannot afford to neglect. Only through good stewardship can we safeguard the health of our oceans, and ensure that the oceans continue to meet the needs of future generations.

1.

A．makes

B．observes

C．watches

D．establishes

2.

A．impact

B．energy

C．effort

D．attempt

3.

A．promoting

B．defending

C．preventing

D．protecting

4.

A．carry

B．wrap

C．involve

D．cover

5.

A．abundance

B．effect

C．influence

D．feature

6.

A．destroy

B．improve

C．damage

D．spoil

7.

A．accessible

B．indispensable

C．harmful

D．available

8.

A．certainty

B．doubt

C．phenomenon

D．symptom

9.

A．revolution

B．contribution

C．resolution

D．distribution

10.

A．hardly

B．barely

C．nearly

D．heavily

11.

A．importance

B．concern

C．value

D．priority

12.

A．makes its way

B．loses its way

C．fights its way

D．goes its own way

13.

A．break out

B．break down

C．break into

D．break through

14.

A．digested

B．disliked

C．enjoyed

D．swallowed

15.

A．source

B．resource

C．responsibility

D．wealth

8 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Mentally and Intellectually Harmful

Last month, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency in New Delhi because of high levels of air pollution. Schools were shut and emergency traffic restrictions put in place.

New Delhi is far from alone. Our research into the    1     of air pollution in China shows that, in addition to the more obvious physical price, air pollution can also have serious negative effects on mental health and cognition (认知),    2     reducing a person’s happiness and their scores in verbal and mathematical tests.

Such harmful mental effects have serious negative consequences for livelihoods and human capital development, suggesting that development    3     should go beyond the traditional focus of boosting GDP in the developing world.

India's recent pollution emergency is the most    4     incidence(发生率)of dangerous air pollution, but smoggy skies have been a cause of growing    5     in most developing countries.

Major cities across the developing world---from Thailand to Brazil, to Nigeria---    6     experience pollution at several times the WHO safe limits. In fact, 98% of cities with more than 100.000    7     in low and middle-income countries fail to meet the WHO’s air quality guidelines.

India’s extreme levels of air pollution are well recognized, and examining the effects provides clear warnings for other countries seeking fast growth through rapid industrialization.

We used nationally     8     longitudinal (纵向)surveys on mental health and cognition, matched with daily air quality data for the time and place of interviews, to see what pollution does in a given time to individual happiness and cognitive performance. Because each person in our survey was     9    multiple times, we can control for the effect of individual characteristics on the outcome variables.

We found that worsening air quality led to a decrease in happiness that day    10    to about 10 percent of the reduced happiness one would experience form a negative major life event such as divorce.

9 . This summer we said goodbye to unnecessary plastic waste. Starbucks committed to ________ plastic straws in all locations by 2020, IKEA banned all single-use plastics from its stores, and entire cities banned the use of plastic bags and straws. And now we have one more thing to add to our consciousness-raising list: People are starting to understand the ________ of contact lenses（隐形眼镜）.

According to a new research out of the American Chemical Society, 20 percent of people who wear contact lenses throw them away in the toilet or sink. But as medical ________, contact lenses are specifically designed to be resistant in touch environments, and ________ they don’t biodegrade easily. Throwing contact lenses into toilet is particularly concerning because their size and ________ allow them to slip through filters（过滤器）meant to keep non-biological waste out of wastewater treatment plants.

The study found that the chemical and mechanical processing at these treatment facilities were unable to ________ break down contact lenses, leaving them as part of the treated water. Post-treatment wastewater is typically spread on fields, where contact lenses can make their way into surface water and cause environmental damage.

It may seem like a small thing, but with over 45 million contact ________ in the United States, all that plastic adds up. We are talking about 22 tons of contact lenses being improperly thrown away every year here, unnecessarily adding to the hundreds of thousands of tons of microplastics ________ in our oceans.

So what is the right way to throw away contact lenses?

It turns out that properly dealing with contact lenses is pretty ________. One option is to throw them in the garbage. While this will keep them out of our water ________, it sends them to landfill—which is not really any better. Unfortunately, you can’t just throw your contacts in the recycling bin and call it a day, either. Due to their size and packaging materials, recycling facilities typically cannot ________ contact lens processing, so they go to landfills. In order to actually be recycled, contact lenses need to be ________ at a specialty recycling facility.

This doesn’t mean that all eco-conscious contact-wearers must stick to glasses, though. Fortunately, in an effort to ________ the waste produced by contact lenses and facilitate the recycling process, some eye care companies have started their own recycling ________. Through these programs, individuals can ship their used contacts to TerraCycle (a company that ________ in recycling the hard-to-recycle) for free.

1.

A．eliminating

B．deleting

C．producing

D．saving

2.

A．role

B．function

C．impact

D．efficiency

3.

A．terms

B．devices

C．tools

D．equipment

4.

A．moreover

B．nevertheless

C．however

D．therefore

5.

A．flexibility

B．possibility

C．capability

D．similarity

6.

A．restrictedly

B．respectively

C．comparatively

D．fully

7.

A．designers

B．manufacturers

C．wearers

D．destroyers

8.

A．floating

B．following

C．flashing

D．flooding

9.

A．sensitive

B．extensive

C．concrete

D．tricky

10.

A．systems

B．resources

C．sources

D．energies

11.

A．control

B．handle

C．repair

D．touch

12.

A．reversed

B．processed

C．fixed

D．programmed

13.

A．analyze

B．realize

C．minimize

D．maximize

14.

A．initiatives

B．performances

C．events

D．conferences

15.

A．consists

B．results

C．participates

D．specializes