1 . Even by the standards of poor countries, India is alarmingly — and unnecessarily — dirty. It needs to clean up. Most time of year, its capital, Delhi，smells as if something is burning. That is because of many things: the carcinogenic diesel（柴油）that supplies three quarters of the city's motor fuel, the dirty coal that supplies most of its power, the rice stalks that nearby farmers want to clear after the harvest and so on. All these make Delhi's air the most poisonous of any big city.
This does not just make life unpleasant for a lot of Indians. It kills them. Recent estimates put the annual death toll from breathing PM 2.5 alone at 1.2—2.2 million a year. The lifespan of Delhi residents is shortened by more than ten years, says the University of Chicago-Consumption of dirty water directly causes 200,000 deaths a year, a government think-tank estimates, without measuring its contribution to slower killers such as kidney disease. Some 600 million Indians, nearly half the country, live in areas where clean water is in short supply. As pollutants taint groundwater, and global warming makes the vital monsoon（季风）rains more abnormal, the country is poisoning its own future.
Indian pollution is a danger to the rest of the world, too. Widespread dumping of antibiotics（抗生素）in rivers has made the country a hotspot for anti-microbial（抗微生物）resistance. Emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas, grew by 6% a year between 2000 and 2016, compared with 1.3% a year for the world as a whole.
In the past India has explained its failure to clean up its act by pleading poverty, noting that richer countries were once just as dirty and that its output of waste per person still lags far behind theirs. But India is notably grubby（肮脏的）not just in absolute terms, but also relative to its level of development And it is becoming grubbier.
It is true that some ways of cutting pollution are expensive. But there are also cheap solutions，such as undoing mistakes that Indian bureaucrats（官僚）have themselves made. By funding rice farmers, for instance, the government has in effect cheered on the overusing of groundwater and the burning of stalks. Rules that encourage the use of coal have not made India more self-reliant, as intended, but instead have led to big imports of foreign coal while blackening India's skies. Much cleaner gas-fired power plants, meanwhile, sit idle.
Reliant on big business for funding and on the poor for votes, politicians have long ignored middle-class complaints about pollution, failing to give officials the backing to enforce rules. That is a pity, because when India does apply itself to ambitious goals, it often achieves them
Next year it will send its second rocket to the Moon.
Narendra Modi, the prime minister, promised with admirable frankness when he took over to rid the country of open defecation（缺陷）. Four and a half years and some $9 billion later, his Clean India campaign claims to have sponsored the building of an astonishing 90 million toilets. This is impressive, but India is still not clean. Its skies, its streets, its rivers and coasts will remain dangerously dirty until they receive similar attention.
1. As to the consequences of Indian pollution, which of the following is NOT true?| A．Climate of India is also being affected. |
| B．Water pollution causes the most deaths in India. |
| C．Almost half of the Indians don't have a good supply of clean water. |
| D．Pollution in India has also posed a threat to the world. |
| A．untreated | B．unused |
| C．unchanged | D．uncleaned |
| A．Indian government relies on big business for funding |
| B．poverty makes it hard for Indian government to treat pollution |
| C．Indian government may have the ability to cut pollution if they determine to |
| D．sending a second rocket to the moon is one way Indian government will adopt to cut pollution |
| A．To warn India to cut pollution. |
| B．To admire Narendra Modi's promise. |
| C．To describe the terrible pollution in India. |
| D．To explain the causes of India pollution. |
| 长江受污染的状况引起了世人的关注 | |
| 问题 | 1.用水量大增 2.排放到江里的有害物质和城市污水急剧增长 |
| 结果 | 1.众多鱼类和野生动物濒临灭绝 2.饮用水安全受到威胁 3.生态平衡遭到破坏 |
| 原因分析 | 1.迅猛的工农业发展 2.人口急剧增长 |
| 看法与建议 | 1. 2. |
As the third longest river in the world, the environmental problems of the Yangtze River have raised concern both nationally and internationally.
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