4 . 阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。答案写在题号 后的横线上。 .

Earth is setting heat records. It will be much hotter one day. But     1    hot could it get? As a heat wave     2     (roast) the western United States last week, temperatures in California's Death Valley rose to 130 degrees Fahrenheit,     3     (mark) the hottest temperature measured anywhere on Earth since 1931 and the third hottest day ever recorded on our planet. It's difficult     4     (forecast) how hot Earth might get if we keep jamming carbon into the atmosphere,     5     (expert) say. As Michael   Wehner, an extreme weather researcher, put it in an email, "    6     increase in temperatures of future heat waves     7     (depend) a lot on how far into the future and how much more carbon dioxide we send out. ” But a recent research     8     (exact) tells people what the heat waves of tomorrow could look like if we don't control our carbon emissions (排放)at all. By the end of the century, heat waves in California could top out at temperatures about 10 to 14 degrees Fahrenheit     9     (high) than they do today, "I would expect that an event of the same rarity (罕见)     10    Today’s 130°F would be about 140°F in that high-emission future,” Wehner says.

5 . It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around large cities with factories and heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is actually worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the entire eastern half of the United States and led to health warnings even in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, the very climate of the entire earth may be affected by air pollution. Some scientists feel that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) is creating “a greenhouse effect”, holding in heat reflected from the earth and raising the world’s average temperature. If this view is correct and the world’s temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be under water.

Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particulate (废气排到空中而形成的微粒、颗粒) matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth’s temperature—a result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. At present we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report prepared by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very likely). Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will offset each other and the world’s temperature will stay about the same as it is now.

1. As pointed out at the beginning of the passage, people used to think that air pollution ________.

A．caused widespread damage in the countryside

B．affected the entire eastern half of the United States

C．had damaging effects on health

D．existed merely in urban and industrial areas

2. As far as the greenhouse effect is concerned, the author ________.

A．shares the same view with the scientists

B．is uncertain of its occurrence

C．rejects it as being ungrounded

D．thinks that it will destroy the world soon

3. The underlined word “offset” in Para. 2 could best be replaced by “________”.

A．slip into	B．make up for
C．set up	D．catch up with

4. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A．lowering the world’s temperature merely a few degrees would lead many major farming areas to disaster

B．raising the world’s temperature only a few degrees would not do much harm to life on earth

C．almost no temperature variations have occurred over the past decade

D．the world’s temperature will remain constant in the years to come

6 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Since     1     first fully artificial plastic was invented in 1907, humans     2     (find) innumerable uses for the material. It has found     3     (it) way into our tools, our clothes and even our bodies. In a new study in     4     (environment) science and technology, researchers estimate the average American eats more than 50,000 pieces of microplastic particles,     5     (small) than 5 millimeters in length every year and breathes in another 50,000. Although the health     6     (effect) of consuming these tiny bits of plastic are unclear, researchers stress the real volume that people are     7     (casual) swallowing is alarming. The largest contributor came     8     drinking bottled water, in     9     the bottle itself added more than 32 times more plastic to a diet     10     (compare) with tap water, The Guardian reports.

7 . You've probably heard the phrase "go outside and get some fresh air" before. Breathing fresh air can make us feel more energetic．    1    ．

According to a new study from the World Health Organization （WHO）, nine out of every 10 people on the planet breathe polluted air every day．

Polluted air can get deep inside your lungs when you breathe, causing diseases like lung cancer and heart disease. Around 7 million people die every year from breathing polluted air．    2    , mainly in Asia and Africa. Among the world's 20 most polluted cities, 14 are in India．

Some of the biggest sources of air pollution include factories and vehicles. In some regions, sand and desert dust, as well as the burning of waste, also cause air pollution．

    3    . More than 40 percent of the world's population is still using woodstoves （木柴炉） or open fires to make meals and heat their homes. This creates harmful particles （颗粒） and gases indoors．

    4    . India has provided 37 million poor people with free liquified Petroleum gas （液化石油气）, while Mexico City has created cleaner vehicle standards．

Maria Neira, the WHO's head of public health, said China has set a good example to the world in improving air quality. "    5    ，" she said．

A．More than 90 percent of these deaths happen in low-income and middle-income countries

B．Although this problem is serious, the good news is that countries are taking action to fight it

C．Another large source of air pollution can be found in some people's homes

D．However, not everyone in the world has the chance to enjoy it

E．Air pollution is a serious problem around the world

F．There is a big step at the government level in China declaring war on air pollution

G．People who work outdoors are more directly harmed by air pollution

8 . Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately：the air you breathe.

Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露) to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems，but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风) within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物) were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)considers to be of “moderate” (良好) quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.

The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.

1. The text mainly discusses the relationship between ________.

A．heart problems and air quality

B．heart problems and exercising

C．heart problems and smoking

D．heart problems and fatty food

2. The underlined word “modest” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ________.

A．relatively high	B．extremely low
C．relatively low	D．extremely high

3. What can we learn from the text?

A．Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.

B．The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.

C．Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking.

D．Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.

4. The author's purpose of writing the text is most likely to ________.

A．inform	B．persuade
C．describe	D．entertain