3 . Most of us are used to the sound we hear in daily life, such as loud music, the television, people talking on their phone and even pet dogs barking in the middle of the night.     1     . However, when these sounds keep you from sleeping all night or the traffic starts to give you a headache, it turns into noise pollution. For many of us, the concept of pollution is limited to nature and resources. However, noise that tends to damage the natural rhythm (节律) of life makes solid pollutant.

    2    . Man-made noises such as horns, airplanes and even cars can be too loud for our hearing range. Constant exposure to loud noise can easily result in the damage of our eardrums and loss of hearing.

Too much noise pollution in working areas such as offices, construction sites, bars and even in our homes can influence psychological health. Studies show that the occurrence of aggressive behavior, disturbance of sleep, and constant stress can be linked to excessive(过度的) noise levels.     3    .

Loud noise can certainly influence your sleeping pattern.     4    , if you don’t have a good nights’ sleep. For example, your performance may go down in the office as well as at home. It is therefore recommended to take a sound sleep to give your body proper rest.

As of now, there do not exist many solutions to such pollution.     5    , when it comes to what an individual can do. It is only when our understanding of noise pollution is complete, can we take steps to get rid of it completely.

A．You’ll feel it hard to deal with others

B．It may lead to problems related to tiredness

C．But everybody can help to reduce the noise in their homes

D．These, in turn, can cause more severe health problems later in life

E．Many firm measures should be taken to remove loud noises in our life

F．Our ears can take in a certain range of sounds without getting damaged

G．All of these have become a part of the urban culture and rarely disturb us

4 . Air pollution shortens human lives by more than a year, according to a new study from a team of leading environmental engineers and public health researchers. Better air quality could lead to a significant extension of lifespan(寿命) around the world.

It is the first time that data on air pollution and the lifespan has been studied together in order to check how air pollution affects overall life expectancy.

The researchers looked at outdoor air pollution from particulate matter (PM)(颗粒物) smaller than 2.5 microns. These particulates can enter deep into the lungs, and breathing PM 2.5 is associated with the increased risk of heart attacks, strokes and cancers. PM 2.5 pollution comes from power plants, cars and trucks, fires, agriculture and industrial emissions(排放物).

Led by Joshua Apte, the team used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study to measure PM 2.5 air pollution exposure and its consequences in 185 countries. They then quantified the national impact on life expectancy for each individual country as well as on a global scale.

“The fact that air pollution is a major global killer is already well­known,” said Apte. “And we all care about how long we can live. Here, we were able to systematically identify how air pollution shortens lives around the world. What we found is that air pollution has a very large effect on survival — on average about a year globally.”

In the context of other significant phenomena negatively affecting human survival rates, Apte said this is a big number. “For example, it’s considerably larger than the benefit in survival we might see if we found cures for both lung and breast cancer combined,” he said. “In countries like India and China, the benefit for elderly people of improving air quality would be especially large. For much of Asia, if air pollution were removed as a risk for death, 60­year­olds would have a 15 percent to 20 percent higher chance of living to age 85 or older.”

1. What do we know about PM 2.5?

A．It has a bad effect on human health.	B．It will be controlled in the future.
C．It only comes from industrial emissions.	D．It spreads to the world from Asian countries.

2. What did the researchers do to study how air pollution affects the lifespan?

A．They collected accurate information from all the Asian countries.

B．They employed the research data to calculate the effect.

C．They studied the disease and lifespan together time and time again.

D．They measured particulate matter much more carefully than before.

3. What can be inferred from the text?

A．The key to people living longer is good air quality.

B．People think air pollution is the most dangerous killer to them.

C．Apte will agree that people should take action to deal with air pollution.

D．Factories should decrease the production of cars to stop air pollution.

4. What is the best title for the text?

A．The Way Human Beings Enjoy a Longer Lifespan

B．The Importance of Getting Rid of Air Pollution

C．Asian People Are Suffering from Serious Air Pollution

D．Air Pollution Reduces the Lifespan by More than One Year

5 . Light pollution is blocking a starry view of the night sky for more than half of people across England, a research has found.

Fifty-seven percent of stargazers(观星者) struggled to see more than 10 stars, while just 2% of participants said they experienced a truly dark sky making them be able to count more than 30 according to the research by the Campaign to Protect Rural England(CPRE). People in the countryside were encouraged to count how many stars they could see with eyes within   the constellation(星座) of Orion, which is visible only in the winter months.

Campaigners said the results of the star count, supported by the British Astronomical Association ,showed the problem of light pollution and how it affected one of the countryside's most magical sights-a dark, starry night sky. They said the results of the research to map England's night skies suggested more could be done by the government, local councils and the general public to reduce the negative effects of artificial light from streets and buildings.

Emma Marrington, dark skies campaigner at the CPRE, said “We're hugely grateful to the people who took the time to get out and take part in our star count. But it's deeply disappointing that the vast majority were unable to experience the natural wonder of a truly dark sky blanketed with stars. Without any action, our night sky will continue to be lost under a covering of artificial light, ruining the health of the natural world.”

She added: “The star count results show just how far-reaching the light from street lights and buildings can be seen. Light doesn't respect boundaries, and careless use can see it spread for miles from cities.”

She suggested better-designed lighting, street light dimming systems and part-night lighting where some street lights are turned off during the small hours should provide an opportunity to limit the damage caused by light pollution, reduce carbon emissions and save money.

1. What is the effect of the light pollution in England?

A．Leading the stars to disappear.	B．Making the countryside dark.
C．Making the environment terrible.	D．Preventing the people seeing stars.

2. What does the light pollution result from?

A．More and more buildings.	B．The overuse of artificial light.
C．Less and less outdoor activities.	D．The spread of light in the countryside.

3. What does the underlined word “dimming” in the last paragraph mean?

A．falling suddenly	B．strengthening slowly
C．becoming less bright	D．getting weak and disappearing finally

4. How does Emma feel about the stargazers 'efforts?

A．Appreciative.	B．Surprised.
C．Disappointed.	D．Regretful.

6 . More cycling, better public transport and car bans...Places all over the world are taking a range of measures to lower traffic pollution.

Paris

Paris bans cars in many historic central districts on weekends, places odd-even (单双日的) bans on vehicles，makes public transport free during major pollution events and encourages car-sharing programs. A long section of the right bank of the river Seine is now car-free and a monthly ban on cars has come into force along the Champs-Elysees.

The Netherlands

Politicians want to ban the sale of all petrol cars from 2025, allowing only electric or hydrogen vehicles. The new law will allow anyone who already owns a petrol car to continue using it. Most cities encourage bicycle use.

Freiburg

Freiburg in Germany has 500km of bike routes and a cheap and efficient public transport system. One town, Vauban, forbids people to park near homes and makes car-owners pay $18,000 for a space on the edge of town in return for living without a car. People are offered cheaper housing, free public transport, and plentiful bicycle spaces.

Curitiba

The southern Brazilian city of two million people has one of the biggest and lowest-cost bus systems in the world. Nearly 70% of its people go to work by public transport and the result is pollution-free air and traffic-free streets.

Copenhagen

Copenhagen prioritizes (优先考虑) bikes over cars and now has more cycles than people. The city calculates that one mile on a bike is worth $0.42 to society, while one mile in a car is a $0.2 loss. Large parts of the Danish capital have been closed to vehicles for decades.

1. What will happen in Paris during major pollution events?

A．Historic central districts won’t allow cars in.

B．Car-sharing programs will raise money publicly.

C．People must obey the odd-even traffic restrictions on weekends.

D．People can take public transport free of charge.

2. From 2025, the Netherlands will ________.

A．put 500km of bike routes into full use

B．only allow the sale of electric or hydrogen vehicles

C．completely forbid the use of petrol cars

D．own the biggest and lowest-cost bus system in the world

3. Which of the following cities attach great importance to cycling?

A．Freiburg and Copenhagen	B．Park and Curitiba
C．Paris and Freiburg	D．Curitiba and Copenhagen

7 . Drive through any suburb in the U.S. today, and it’s hard to miss the bins that have become companions to America’s trash cans. Recycling has become commonplace, as people recognize the need to care for the environment. Yet most people’s recycling consciousness extends only as far as paper, bottles, and cans. People seldom find themselves facing the growing problem of e-waste.

E-waste rapidly increases as the techno-fashionable frequently upgrade to the most advanced device and the majority of them end up in landfills (垃圾填埋地). Some people who track such waste say that users throw away nearly 2 million tons of TVs, VCRs, computers, cell phones, and other electronics every day. Unless we can find a safe replacement, this e-waste may get into the ground and poison the water with dangerous toxins (毒素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic. Burning the waste also dangerously contaminates the air.

However, e-waste often contains reusable silver, gold, and other electrical materials. Recycling these materials reduces environmental problems by reducing both landfill waste and the need to look for such metals, which can destroy ecosystems.

A growing number of states have adopted laws to ban dumping (倾倒) e-waste. Still, less than a quarter of this waste will reach lawful recycling programs. Some companies advertising safe disposal (处置) in fact merely ship the waste to some developing countries, where it still ends up in landfills. These organizations prevent progress by unsafely disposing of waste in an out-of-sight, out-of-mind location.

However, the small but growing number of cities and corporations that do handle e-waste responsibly represents progress toward making the world a cleaner, better place for us all.

1. What can we infer from the first paragraph?

A．Many Americans now have access to recycling bins.

B．E-waste cannot be put into trash cans in the U.S.

C．Most Americans have realized the dangers of e-waste.

D．Most of America’s trash cans are made of recycled material.

2. Which word can best replace the underlined word “contaminate” in Paragraph 2?

A．pollute.	B．heat.
C．absorb.	D．reduce.

3. How does the author feel about burying e-waste in landfills?

A．It’s important.	B．It’s unsafe.
C．It’s acceptable.	D．It’s uncommon.

4. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A．A large number of cities have begun to handle e-waste responsibly.

B．A growing number of states ship the e-waste to developing countries.

C．Progress is being made in handling e-waste.

D．The world will become cleaner by disposing of waste in an out-of-sight location.

5. What’s the author’s purpose in writing this text?

A．To tell us how to recycle e-waste.

B．To talk about the future of e-waste.

C．To discuss if it’s necessary to recycle e-waste.

D．To encourage us to deal with e-waste properly.

8 . Finding fruits and vegetables at your typical grocery store that have been grown without the extensive use of pesticides can be difficult. Fortunately, The Environmental Working Group(EWG) has done all of the work for you in finding healthy and pesticide—free produce.

EWG has created the 2018 Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce, which helps shoppers to find uncontaminated produce. Many consumers do not realize that pesticide residues(残留) are very common on conventionally grown produce products, even after they have been washed or peeled. Because of this, EWG has created their series of guides to lead consumers to safer food choices.

In order to create these guides, EWG analyzed the USDA pesticides tests, which found a total of 230 different pesticides and pesticides breakdown products on thousands of produce samples. Analyzing this information, EWG observed the big differences of the amount of pesticides found from product to product.

The guide’s two main components are two compiled lists highlighting the cleanest and dirtiest produce concerning pesticides. These two lists, Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen, show consumers how certain foods continue to carry trace amounts of pesticides with them all the way to the grocery store shelves, while others make it to your kitchen virtually pesticide－free.

Some of the highlights from their analyses included the following findings：

More than one－third of strawberry samples analyzed in 2016 contained 10 or more pesticide residues and breakdown products.

Spinach(菠菜) samples had, on average, almost twice as much pesticide residue by weight compared to any other crop.

No single fruit sample from the Clean Fifteen tested positive for more than four pesticides.

“With EWG's guide, consumers can fill their fridges and fruit bowls with plenty of healthy conventional and organic produce that isn't contaminated with multiple pesticide residue,” said Sonya Lunder, a senior analyst in EWG.

Only 25 years ago, the National Academy of Sciences raised concerns about exposure to poisonous pesticides in our food, yet consumers still consume a mixture of pesticides every day in America.

1. Why did EWG create the 2018 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce?

A．To analyze the USDA pesticides tests.

B．To advertise organic produce.

C．To warn some food companies.

D．To help consumers make safer choices.

2. What is the result from the analysis of the USDA pesticides tests?

A．All the samples are polluted.

B．230 pesticides are banned.

C．Pesticide amounts vary in products.

D．All strawberries are poisonous.

3. Where are shoppers most likely to find spinach?

A．Dirty Dozen list.	B．Organic food advertisement.
C．Clean Fifteen list.	D．Safer food list.

4. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?

A．All conventional produce is safe.

B．No pesticides were used on crops 25 years ago.

C．Consumers never worry about pesticides.

D．Produce safety remains a problem.

9 . Main Types of Water Pollution

When we think of Earth’s water resources, we think of huge oceans, lakes, and rivers.     1     The most obvious type of water pollution affects surface water. For example, a spill from an oil tanker creates an oil layer that can affect a vast area of an ocean.

    2     A great deal of water is held in underground rock structures known as aquifers(含水层). Water stored underground in aquifers is known as groundwater. Aquifers feed our rivers and supply much of our drinking water. They can also become polluted, for example, when weedkillers used in people’s gardens drain into the ground.

Surface water and groundwater are the two types of water resources that pollution affects.     3     If pollution comes from a single location, such as a pipe attached to a factory, it is known as point source pollution.     4     A great deal of water pollution happens not from one single source but from many different sources. This is called nonpoint source pollution.

Sometimes pollution that enters the environment in one place has an effect hundreds or even thousands of miles away.     5     One example is the way radioactive waste travels through the oceans from unclear reprocessing plants in England and France to nearby countries such as Ireland and Norway.

A．Besides, we think of bottled water.

B．This is known as transboundary (跨界的) pollution.

C．Not all of Earth’s water sits on its surface, however.

D．Water resources like these are called surface water.

E．There are also two different ways in which pollution can occur.

F．Pouring oil from your car down a drain can lead to water pollution.

G．Another example of point source pollution is an oil spill from a tanker.

10 . The online takeaway industry is growing in China along with the rapid development of the Internet economy. But environmental activists complain that the huge volume of plastic utensils (用具), wrapping and containers presents a great challenge to the environment, and that the heavy use of throwaway wooden chopsticks is reducing natural resources.

On September 1, the Beijing No.4 Intermediate People’s Court accepted a lawsuit filed by the Chongqing Green Volunteer League, an environmental non-government organization (NGO), against the country’s three largest food delivery platforms—Baidu Waimai, Ele.me and Meituan. The NGO stated that the companies failed to provide customers with the choice to not receive throwaway plastic utensils along with their food deliveries. Meanwhile, these utensils have created large amounts of rubbish and caused serious ecological damage.

In response, both Meituan and Ele.me, which acquired Baidu Waimai in August, have promised to take measures to reduce plastic waste. Meituan announced that it would appoint a chief environmental officer to oversee environmental issues from plastic waste and upgrade its smartphone app to provide consumers with the option of ordering food without single-use chopsticks, spoons or napkins. Ele.me followed by offering a similar choice and putting forward a plan to introduce suppliers of degradable (可降解的) plastic utensils to restaurants in the long term.

Is there a possible way out? Combined efforts by delivery platforms, consumers, restaurants and government departments are required to address plastic waste pollution.

For platforms, promoting environmental protection and introducing this idea to consumers are a meaningful move. Moreover, in the future, they should also make strict rules on the use of plastic utensils. For example, no more than one plastic bag should be used to wrap soup dishes, and all plastic products should be degradable. It is a long and difficult task for them, and the recent reactions from Ele.me and Meituan are just beginnings.

Considering most takeout food packaging is thrown into garbage bins and then taken away along with other household garbage, sorting of waste also becomes more important. Government departments could play a major role in this, and by recycling some materials, waste pollution could be reduced and resources saved. Furthermore, there have been growing calls that the government should also invest more in developing degradable plastic products or environmentally friendly alternatives.

Though consumers enjoy the convenience yet also suffer exposure to the pollution, many of them have paid little attention to the plastic waste problem. Environmental groups suggest that consumers change their habits a little by using their own utensils and dishes and refusing unnecessary plastic containers.

1. The Chongqing Green Volunteer League accused the three food delivery platforms of ________.

A．causing damage to people’s health

B．violating environmental standards

C．using many wooden chopsticks

D．offering no utensil option

2. The author suggests food delivery platforms ________.

A．raise people’s awareness	B．research possible alternatives
C．upgrade their application design	D．hire a chief environmental officer

3. Who probably plays a more important role in promoting the categorization of rubbish?

A．Government departments.	B．Food delivery platforms.
C．Environmental groups.	D．Fast food restaurants.

4. The passage is mainly concerned with ________.

A．why environmental problems arise

B．who food delivery platforms affect most

C．how plastic utensil pollution can be solved

D．what efforts environmental groups have made