1 . A review from the International Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO) warns that the oceans are facing multiple threats. They are being heated by climate change, turning slowly less alkaline (碱性的) by absorbing CO2, and suffering from overfishing and pollution.

The report says, “We have been taking the ocean for granted. It has been shielding us from the worst effects of accelerating climate change by absorbing excess CO2 from the atmosphere.”

Although the temperature increases may be experiencing a pause, the ocean continues to warm regardless. For the most part, however, the public and policy makers are failing to recognize — or choosing to ignore — the severity of the situation. Coral reefs, for instance, are suffering from the higher temperatures.

IPSO, funded by charitable foundations, is publishing a set of five papers based on workshops in 2011 and 2012 in partnership with the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The reports call for governments all over the world to halt (暂停) CO2 increase at 450ppm, and also urge much more focused fisheries management and a priority list for tackling the key groups of chemicals that cause most harmful effects. They want the governments to negotiate a new agreement for the sustainable fishing in the high oceans to be monitored by a new global high seas enforcement agency.

The IUCN's Prof Dan Laffoley said, “What these latest reports make absolutely clear is that delaying action will increase costs in the future and lead to even greater, perhaps permanent losses. “The UN climate report confirmed that the ocean is bearing the pressure of human-induced changes to our planet. These discoveries give us not only more cause for alarm, but also a roadmap for action. We must use it.

1. According to the passage, _______ are NOT the reason why the oceans become slowly less alkaline.

A．various pollutions	B．higher temperatures
C．bad fishing practices	D．destroyed coral reefs

2. The underlined word “shielding” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “_______”.

A．warning	B．protecting
C．showing	D．cooling

3. Which of the following is NOT the purpose of the reports published by IPSO?

A．To appeal to world governments to halt CO2 increase at 450ppm.

B．To tell us that the ocean is bearing the pressure of human-induced changes to our planet.

C．To ask the governments to carry out new measures for the sustainable fishing in the high oceans.

D．To advise the governments to make a priority list for tackling the key groups of chemicals that cause most harm.

4. Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage?

A．The reports warn us that we need to take actions right now.

B．Coral reefs are weakened by bad fishing practices and pollution.

C．The global temperature is increasing and the ocean continues to warm as well.

D．It seems that the policymakers are trying to ignore the severity of the ocean situation.

5. What is the probable purpose of this passage?

A．To tell us that the oceans become less alkaline.

B．To advise us to negotiate a new agreement for the sustainable fishing.

C．To tell us that global warming has a great effect on the oceans’ temperature.

D．To warn us that the oceans are in danger and immediate measures should be taken.

2 . Beijing has been suffering this year's most severe smog since Friday, which has forced schools to close and traffic confusion. Thick, choking smog has enveloped the capital for five days, with the air quality index(指标)in many monitoring stations increasing to 500, the highest possible reading. The city government encourages people to stay indoors when the reading is higher than 300.

Concentration of PM 2.5﹣particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5microns that causes health risk was 689 at 5pm on Tuesday in some southern Beijing monitoring stations, down from the peak reading of 945 on Monday.

The capital has also seen more road accidents due to the poor visibility, and traffic jam was around the city through most of Monday. Many expressways linking Beijing and neighboring cities in Hebei province were closed for hours.

The city environmental watchdog sent inspection teams to supervise measures to limit emissions(排放)on Tuesday. Of 545 companies they inspected, 12 had acted against orange alert restrictions, the capital's environmental protection bureau said.

For example, a Dongfeng Nissan factory to pause work on Tuesday. And a construction site at the China University of Political Science and Law left piles of building materials uncovered which could release dust in to the air.

All companies and construction sites against the regulations would be severely punished, the bureau said.

The smog covering a vast area across northern China has been caused by unfavorable weather, with no wind and high humidity, and an increased of coal in the heating season, the Ministry of Environmental Protection said.

1. We can infer from the first paragraph that ______.

A．the smog is the most severe on Friday.

B．people use envelopes in the capital.

C．people stay at home doing some reading.

D．the smog has taken place several times in Beijing this winter.

2. How is paragraph 4 and 5 developed ?

A．Using examples and data.	B．Describing processes.
C．Making comparisons.	D．Analyzing causes.

3. Where does this text probably come from ?

A．A sport magazine.	B．A newspaper report.
C．A book review.	D．A museum guide.

3 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Since     1     first fully artificial plastic was invented in 1907, humans     2     (find) innumerable uses for the material. It has found     3     (it) way into our tools, our clothes and even our bodies. In a new study in     4     (environment) science and technology, researchers estimate the average American eats more than 50,000 pieces of microplastic particles,     5     (small) than 5 millimeters in length every year and breathes in another 50,000. Although the health     6     (effect) of consuming these tiny bits of plastic are unclear, researchers stress the real volume that people are     7     (casual) swallowing is alarming. The largest contributor came     8     drinking bottled water, in     9     the bottle itself added more than 32 times more plastic to a diet     10     (compare) with tap water, The Guardian reports.

4 . What do the speakers most possibly do?

A．Use less plastics.

B．Cut plastics out of life.

C．Collect plastics in the ocean.

5 . Particulate Matter

There are things floating around in the air. Most of them, you can not even see. They are a kind of air pollution called particles or particulate matter. In fact, particulate matter may be the air pollutant that most commonly affects people’s health.

Have a Look.

Particles can come in almost any shape or size, and can be solid particles or liquid droplets.    1     These two groups differ in many ways. One of the differences is size, we call the bigger particles PM 10 and we call the smaller particles PM 2.5.

BIG.

The big particles are between 2.5 and 10 micrometers (from about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair). These particles are called PM 10 (we say ―PM ten, which stands for Particulate Matter up to 10 micrometers in size).    2    

SMALL.

The small particles are smaller than 2.5 micrometers (100 times thinner than a human hair).    3    We say ―PM two point five, as in Particulate Matter up to 2.5 micrometers in size.The smaller particles are lighter and they stay in the air longer and travel farther. PM 10 particles can stay in the air for minutes or hours while PM 2.5 particles can stay in the air for days or weeks.And travel?     4     PM 2.5 particles go even farther; many hundreds of miles.

Particulate Matter and Your Health.

When you breathe, you take in the air along with any particles in the air, like heavy metal sand cancer causing organic compounds. Both PM 10 and PM 2.5 particles can cause health problems, specifically respiratory (呼吸的) health.    5     Exposure to particulate matter leads to increased use of medication and more visits to the doctor or emergency room.

A．These particles are called PM 2.5.

B．We divide particles into two major groups.

C．These particles cause less severe health effects.

D．PM 10 particles can travel as much as 30 miles.

E．Air pollution is a growing problem in the whole world.

F．PM 2.5 can have worse health effects than the bigger PM 10.

G．Air pollutants have great effects on our environment and our health.

6 . More cycling, better public transport and car bans...Places all over the world are taking a range of measures to lower traffic pollution.

Paris

Paris bans cars in many historic central districts on weekends, places odd-even (单双日的) bans on vehicles，makes public transport free during major pollution events and encourages car-sharing programs. A long section of the right bank of the river Seine is now car-free and a monthly ban on cars has come into force along the Champs-Elysees.

The Netherlands

Politicians want to ban the sale of all petrol cars from 2025, allowing only electric or hydrogen vehicles. The new law will allow anyone who already owns a petrol car to continue using it. Most cities encourage bicycle use.

Freiburg

Freiburg in Germany has 500km of bike routes and a cheap and efficient public transport system. One town, Vauban, forbids people to park near homes and makes car-owners pay $18,000 for a space on the edge of town in return for living without a car. People are offered cheaper housing, free public transport, and plentiful bicycle spaces.

Curitiba

The southern Brazilian city of two million people has one of the biggest and lowest-cost bus systems in the world. Nearly 70% of its people go to work by public transport and the result is pollution-free air and traffic-free streets.

Copenhagen

Copenhagen prioritizes (优先考虑) bikes over cars and now has more cycles than people. The city calculates that one mile on a bike is worth $0.42 to society, while one mile in a car is a $0.2 loss. Large parts of the Danish capital have been closed to vehicles for decades.

1. What will happen in Paris during major pollution events?

A．Historic central districts won’t allow cars in.

B．Car-sharing programs will raise money publicly.

C．People must obey the odd-even traffic restrictions on weekends.

D．People can take public transport free of charge.

2. From 2025, the Netherlands will ________.

A．put 500km of bike routes into full use

B．only allow the sale of electric or hydrogen vehicles

C．completely forbid the use of petrol cars

D．own the biggest and lowest-cost bus system in the world

3. Which of the following cities attach great importance to cycling?

A．Freiburg and Copenhagen	B．Park and Curitiba
C．Paris and Freiburg	D．Curitiba and Copenhagen

7 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Pollution takes away all the beauty of the beaches of Hawaii. I hate to go to the beaches on       1     (sun) weekends and see rubbish bags lying on the sand, cigarette butts(烟头)     2     (bury) in the sand, and soda cans floating in the ocean.

One thing that really annoys me is that I see     3     (tour)who visit Hawaii leave their rubbish on the beaches. I was always taught after drinking soda to throw the can into the place     4     it should stay—the trash can. Another thing that annoys me is that some people walk right by rubbish     5     pretend that it’s not there.

The dogs or the fish are not to blame     6     it. It’s our fault and we must blame     7     (we). Everyone has to do his or her part     8     (solve) this problem. It can’t be difficult to do the job. There are a lot of things that we can do. First of all, we can help pick up rubbish along the beaches. We could also form organizations that help clean up our beaches. More     9     (important), we need to start now before the beaches     10     (damage) beyond repair.

8 . Off the Marianas Islands, in a remote stretch of the Pacific Ocean, lies a deep trench. A trench so deep that it could accommodate the tallest mountain range—the Himalayas, and still have a mile of water above!

The Mariana Trench stretches for 2, 550km along the Pacific Ocean floor and is 70km wide. The deepest part of the trench, Challenger Deep, lies 7 miles below the ocean surface. Mariana Trench is part of a network of trenches that cross the ocean floor.

How do these trenches form? Our Earth is made up of tectonic plates which connect with each other like giant jigsaw puzzles. The plates are constantly moving because of the molten lava inside our Earth. When one tectonic plate dives under another plate, trenches are formed.

The sheer depth of Mariana Trench makes it hard to explore. Sunlight does not reach that far down, covering it in permanent darkness. The water pressure at the deepest point is nearly 1,000 times more than at the surface. Despite these inhospitable conditions, some of the strangest creatures are found in the trench—creatures that produce their own light.

A team of researchers decided to study the zone, an area of water that is 3.7 miles to 6.8 miles below the surface.

The research team sent traps underwater to catch the tiny prawn-like amphipods (片脚动物) and tested them. They found extremely high levels of chemicals, known to cause health issues like cancer. These family of chemicals known as POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) were used extensively in pesticides until they were banned in the 1970s, and some are still in use today.

The POPs do not break down. They are ingested by the larger marine animals and when they die and sink to the bottom of the oceans, the smaller creatures feast on them. The chemicals then enter the bodies of these amphipods and other smaller marine creatures, and disrupt their hormone balances. And thus, the cycle continues.

While we may think that our oceans are pristine, this latest finding tells us that in a trench far……far away from any industrial city, we humans are leaving our footprint.

1. According to the text, the Mariana Trench ________.

A．covers the Pacific Ocean floor

B．remains dark all the time

C．is like a giant jigsaw puzzle

D．lies 7km below the ocean surface

2. The third paragraph centers on ________.

A．the molten lava inside the earth

B．the cause of moving plates

C．the formation of the trench

D．the make-up of tectonic plates

3. How did researchers judge the trench pollution?

A．By taking some soil from the ocean bottom.

B．By measuring the water pressure.

C．By getting some water from the trench.

D．By analyzing the creatures living in the trench.

4. What does the passage intend to tell the readers?

A．The Mariana Trench is seriously polluted.

B．The Mariana Trench is totally dark.

C．The Mariana Trench is deadly poisonous.

D．The Mariana Trench is greatly wonderful.

9 . A new study shows that air pollution can cause a huge reduction in our intelligence. The study was a project involving researchers at Peking University in China and Yale University in the United States.

The researchers reported that long-term exposure to air pollution can affect a person's mental abilities in two areas: Language and math.

The researchers studied about 25,000 people from across China. Between 2010 and 2014, these Chinese men, women and children were given language and math tests. Then researchers compared the test results with measurements of pollution in the air, namely nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide （二氧化硫）.

Xi Chen of the Yale School of Public Health led the study. He and his team found that breathing polluted air can reduce a person's education level by about one year.

Chen said that the effect generally is worse for those over 64 years of age, for men and for those with little or no education.

“The older persons—they are more affected. And we find, quite amazingly, males are more affected than females. And people working outdoors are more affected than people working indoors.

He noted that the youngest people in the study were 10 years old, while the oldest was 90 years old. They came from China's 33 provinces. In his words, the data and facts are convincing and this range of ages and locations across the country provided a real, objective and representative sample.

The researchers noted that the effect of air pollution on verbal ability is even more serious as people age, especially among men and the less educated. The researchers also stressed that every country, whether developed, developing or poor, should focus on air pollution or humans will face a bad situation.

1. What is the result of the study?

A．Air pollution has a bad effect on people's intelligence.

B．Females are more affected by air pollution than males.

C．Americans are more affected by air pollution than Chinese.

D．People working indoors are actually not affected by air pollution.

2. What did Chen say about the study?

A．It is doubtful.

B．It is extremely unfair.

C．It is common and not representative.

D．It is relatively objective and persuasive.

3. What did the researchers emphasize in the last paragraph?

A．The data from the 33 provinces is convincing.

B．The whole world should pay attention to air pollution.

C．The less educated take more responsibility for air pollution.

D．Air pollution's influence on verbal ability is less serious as people age.

4. Where is the text most likely taken from?

A．A life diary.	B．A guidebook.
C．A science magazine.	D．A biography.

10 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当单词的或括号内单词的正确形式。

Scientists found that air pollution may be responsible     1     a big reduction in     2     (intelligent). Research showed that air pollution led to big falls in test     3     (score) for languages and mathematics. The study called "The influence of air pollution on cognitive (认知的)performance"    4    (conduct) over four years ago. Researchers analyzed speaking and mathematics tests     5     (take) by 20,000 people of all ages. They said, "Polluted air may do harm to cognitive ability as people become older. "

The study is a warning to the rest of the world ,    6    (particular) those in cities. Over 91 percent of the world population live in areas with polluted air,    7     is the fourth biggest cause of global deaths. Researchers discovered that the     8    (long) people were exposed to polluted air, the greater their cognitive ability went down. They said air pollution caused a year' s worth of lost education. For those aged over 60, this could be several years. A researcher warned, "There     9    be) no shortcut to solve this issue. Governments really need to take effective measures     10    (reduce) air pollution. "