1 . There are around 100 tribes(部落) that live in isolation(隔绝), mostly in South America and India. The Sentinelese lived on one of the Andaman Islands in Eastern India for 60,000 years. They protect their island by fighting against people from outside. Their language is different from any other known language. Another Andaman tribe is the Jarawa. In the past, they were independent and fought against anybody trying to make contact with them. But in 1998, the Indian government built a road across their land, and since then, they’ve had more contact with the outside world.

Some Amazon tribes avoid contact because of unhappy memories. The Mashco-Piro left their vegetable gardens after rubber companies killed most of their tribe at the beginning of the 20th century. Those who survived became nomadic(游牧的) and started hunting animals in the forest.

The Awa live in the Amazon forests of Brazil. Out of 350 members, 100 have no contact with the outside world. They left their villages and adopted a nomadic lifestyle around 1850 to prevent being attacked by Europeans. In the following years, farmers in nearby communities started cutting the trees to expand their farmland. The Awa lost most of their hunting land. The few Amazon tribes that still exist are fighting to keep their traditional way of life.

Survival, an organization that fights for the rights of tribal people, says that uncontracted tribes are the most vulnerable(弱势的) humans on the planet and that’s why their environment should be closed to the rest of us. After years of pressure, the organization got Brazil’s government to clear non-natives from the Awa land. All non-Awa people are leaving, so the tribe can get their forest back.

But some think it’s impossible for tribes to stay isolated forever in a connected world. Contact will be made one day. So the question is: Whose choice should it be, ours or theirs?

1. What can we learn about the Sentinelese from the first paragraph?

A．They refused contact from the outside world.

B．They speak the same language as the Jarawa.

C．They are crazy about fighting with other tribes.

D．They have got help from the Indian government.

2. Why did the Awa choose a nomadic lifestyle?

A．To protect their hunting land.	B．To search for food sources.
C．To avoid threats from Europeans.	D．To keep their original way of life.

3. Which of the following would Survival probably agree with?

A．The tribes should be left unaffected by the outside world.

B．The tribes should fight for more living space.

C．The tribes should live in harmony with nature.

D．The tribes should follow the connected world.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．The Nomadic Tribes in the World.	B．Seeking Survival of Tribes.
C．The Closed Tribal Environment.	D．Protecting the Tribal Forests.

2 . When you are trying to make an important decision, do you always consider all of the possibilities? We tend to think that we take all the choices into consideration, but the reality is that we often overlook some possibilities. In some cases, our attention becomes focused on just a few of the possibilities and we ignore the rest. This tendency represents a type of cognitive bias (认知偏向) known as attentional bias. This affects not only the things that we notice in the environment, but the decisions that we make based upon what we have noticed.

So why do we pay more attention to certain stimuli (刺激) and ignore others? Some experts believe that this tendency might have an evolutionary basis. In order to ensure survival, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they paid greater attention to risky things in the environment and ignored things that did not present a threat. If you have ever been in a frightening situation and experienced what is often referred to as “tunnel vision” in which you became hyper-aware (超感知的) and focused on a specific threat, you can probably see how this tendency can be helpful.

Researchers have found that emotional states can influence attentional bias. Anxious individuals tend to exhibit attentional bias early during the information process, while depressed individuals usually show attentional bias when stimuli are presented for a long period of time.

One method that has been used to study attentional biases is known as the Stroop test. In this test, participants are asked to name the colour of a printed word. In experiments, participants are shown words that are either emotionally negative or emotionally neutral.

“Attentional bias is shown if participants take longer to name the colours of emotionally negative words than neutral words on the assumption that the increased naming time occurs because words which show subjective feelings have to be attended to more than words which don’t,” explain Eysenck and Keane in their textbook Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Primarily, the participants pay more attention to emotionally negative words, so it takes them longer to name the colours of these words than those words that require less attention.

As you might imagine, this type of bias can have a dramatic influence on the decision-making process and can lead people to make bad or wrong choices. Researchers have found that people who have eating disorders tend to pay more attention to stimuli related to food while individuals experiencing drug addictions (上瘾) tend to be hyper-sensitive to drug-related information. For individuals struggling to recover from an eating disorder or addiction, this tendency to pay attention to certain signals while discounting others can make recovery much more difficult.

Attentional bias can also have an influence on memories. Since people can become overly focused on a single stimulus, they might ignore other aspects of the situation. When recollecting the event later on, memories may be distorted (扭曲的), incorrect, or incomplete due to this bias.

1. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Our ancestors had more serious attentional bias than us.

B．The Stroop test was created by Eysenck and Keane.

C．Everyone will experience tunnel vision in his life.

D．It’s difficult for us to avoid attentional bias.

2. According to the passage, one reason for attentional bias is _____.

A．emotion	B．environment
C．evolution	D．cognition

3. The Stroop test is used to find out _____.

A．how long attentional bias can last

B．whether a person has attentional bias

C．emotions’ influences on attentional bias

D．the relationship between colour and attentional bias

4. What does the underlined word “neutral” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean?

A．Avoiding expressing any strong opinion.

B．Obvious and clear to understand.

C．Expecting good things.

D．Not in use any more.

5. According to the passage, attentional bias can _____.

A．help people make decisions

B．cause people to eat more food

C．make people lose their memories

D．prevent addicts removing their bad habits

6. What’s the purpose of the passage?

A．To talk about attentional bias.

B．To show the effect of attentional bias.

C．To present research on attentional bias.

D．To introduce the cause of attentional bias.

3 . In China, square dancing is an exercise routine performed to music in squares or parks. Recent years have ____ the growing popularity of square dancing among elderly people in China, ____ it provides them with a good platform to ____ and make new friends in their ordinary lives. Although the ____ has roots in both ancient and modern Chinese history, today the Chinese hold ____ views towards it. Some people, the young in particular, argue that it has disturbed their peaceful lives.

As for ____ citizens, square dancing is relatively easy to learn compared to traditional ____ and thus it wins their ____. Moreover, practicing square dancing doesn’t need ____ equipment. All it needs are open ground and loudspeakers. ____, it can be found across the country.

___, many young people have showed their ____. They think that square dancing   ___ too much space in their neighborhood and ____ their life. In fact, it is the noise   ___ square dancing that young people ____ most.

Therefore, concessions (让步) should be made by both ____ so that they can live in ____ with each other.

People taking part in square dancing are expected to dance in areas far away from residential communities (居民区), while the young are called on to show more ____ of square dancing. They will also become old and one day may be one of the dancers they dislike now.

In addition, the government should ____ more suitable areas where the elderly can do their favourite activities.

1.

A．proved

B．witnessed

C．developed

D．advanced

2.

A．since

B．once

C．until

D．though

3.

A．relax

B．retire

C．react

D．recover

4.

A．process

B．performance

C．service

D．practice

5.

A．unique

B．general

C．complex

D．wrong

6.

A．local

B．honest

C．responsible

D．senior

7.

A．customs

B．dances

C．approaches

D．entertainments

8.

A．pleasure

B．celebration

C．encouragement

D．love

9.

A．comfortable

B．remote

C．special

D．regular

10.

A．As a result

B．For example

C．In other words

D．In particular

11.

A．Still

B．Therefore

C．However

D．Otherwise

12.

A．cautiousness

B．determination

C．dissatisfaction

D．madness

13.

A．removes

B．occupies

C．controls

D．divides

14.

A．supports

B．ignores

C．accepts

D．disturbs

15.

A．with

B．into

C．against

D．by

16.

A．doubt

B．search

C．regret

D．dislike

17.

A．positions

B．parties

C．situations

D．hands

18.

A．connection

B．hope

C．harmony

D．independence

19.

A．tolerance

B．expectation

C．spirit

D．appeal

20.

A．save

B．separate

C．fix

D．spare

4 . With the development of technology, more and more small electronic devices have been replaced by smart phones. Media channels, including newspapers, magazines and television shows, are also suffering. So who cares if people watch less regular TV or read fewer printed publications?

The answer is: advertisers. With all the traditional channels disappearing, how are advertisers supposed to reach customers? Banner (横幅) ads on our devices are ugly and disturbing. To overcome various digital problems, the ad industry has been serving up a sneaky (鬼鬼祟祟) solution: make ads look less like ads and more like the articles, videos and posts around them. An ad that matches the typeface, design and layout of the real article feels less like a tacky intrusion (俗气的入侵).

This trend, called native advertising, has taken over the Internet; even the Websites such as NYTimes.com and Wall-Street.com are using it. Social media companies have signed on to it as well. On Facebook and Twitter, every 10th item or so is an ad; only the small subtitle “Sponsored (赞助)” appearing in light gray type tells you which posts are ads.

Overall, native ads have been a huge success. On NYTimes.com, readers spend as much time on the ads as on the articles. But won’t dressing up ads to make them look like reported articles mislead people? Sometimes, yes. An Interactive Advertising Bureau study found that only 41 percent of general news readers could tell such ads apart from real news stories. And it’s getting worse. Advertisers worry that the “Sponsored” label discourages readers from clicking, so some Websites are making the labels smaller and less noticeable. Sometimes the labels disappear entirely.

At a recent talk about the difficulty of advertising in the new, small-screen world, I heard an ad manager tell an impressive story. She had gotten a musical performance — paid for by her soft drink client — perfectly inserted (插入) into a TV awards show, without any moment of blackness before or after. “It looked just like part of the real broadcast!” she recounted happily.

But how, then, could viewers tell the ad from the independently produced material? A participant rolled his eyes. “People are clever. They know!” he responded.

Look, it is great that native advertising works — publications and programs and free social networks have to stay solvent (有偿付能力的) somehow. But if advertisers truly believe in their material, they should have no problem labeling it as advertising.

For now native ads continue to be a fashion — with no laws governing them and no labeling standard. But that could change; the Federal Trade Commission has begun considering regulation. If the new generation of digital advertisers clean up their act according to the regulation, native ads might become more acceptable.
1. What can we learn about native ads according to the passage?

A．They have overcome the problems of banner ads.

B．They are clearly labelled as ads in Websites.

C．They are a special type of articles.

D．They are used by all Websites.

2. The ad manager’s story in Paragraph 5 is used to show _____.

A．it’s difficult to advertise in the small-screen world

B．it’s difficult to tell native ads from what they have been inserted in

C．it’s easy to insert ads into a TV awards show

D．it’s easy to deal with the “sponsored” label

3. In the author’s view, the future of native ads is _____.

A．bright	B．discouraging
C．uncertain	D．time-dependent

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．How to advertise in the digital age.

B．Difficulties facing native ads.

C．Truth in digital advertising.

D．What native ads are.

5 . According to the most recent census (人口普查) figures, nearly half of women between the ages of 15 and 44 don’t have children. Half of women is a lot of women, and yet, advertisers continue to behave as though they don’t exist. “The majority of marketing talks to adult women like they are all moms or want to be mothers,” Adrianna Bevilaqua, chief creative officer at M Booth, a public relations company, told The New York Times.

Industry experts explained to The Times that the absence of childless women in marketing materials is likely the result of inertia (惯性). Advertisers have long targeted moms because they buy their goods. In 2015, American moms were in charge of $3.4 trillion worth of spending decisions, which makes them the largest consumer group in the United States.

While they might not have the collective spending power of moms — many of whom, I suspect, would be very happy to give up some   power of choosing laundry detergent (洗衣粉) in exchange for power of choosing something else with equal pay — childless women also have the potential to improve a business’ bottom line. One report has found that they spend twice as much on beauty products as women with children, and spend 60 percent more time abroad. The Times also notes that they spend 35 percent more on groceries than moms.

Of course, advertising has had a long time to adapt to the ongoing change in gender (性别) roles, and still, brands has made sexist ads that many find degrading (降低品格的). And even when brands do try to get with the times, as is the case with Dove and Pantene, many women still think them unpleasant. These critics are angry about the way such campaigns overstate female empowerment when, in reality, such empowerment is far from being fully realized.

Earlier this year, ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi researched moms’ understanding of their representation in advertising and found that they weren’t happy either. They surveyed nearly 8,000 women from around the world, the majority of whom responded with feelings of frustration (挫败) at the outdated mom images, including the busy mom and the saintly (神圣的) and perfectionist mom we so often see. Above all, they resented the view of motherhood as a job. “Motherhood is about being, not doing,” said Mary Mills, worldwide director of strategic intelligence from Saatchi & Saatchi, when describing the findings.

So as it turns out, both childless women and moms are motivated by the same desire. They want advertisers to let go of motherhood as an all-consuming identity for women and instead present them as the varied and unique beings they’ve long known themselves to be.

1. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Few American women do not want to have children.

B．Moms are happy because they are targeted by advertisers.

C．Moms were the largest consumer group in America in 2015.

D．Half of American women have no children according to the recent census figures.

2. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?

A．Childless women spend mainly on beauty products and travel.

B．A report about women’s spending power has been produced.

C．Moms spend less on groceries than childless women.

D．Childless women’s spending power is not lower than that of moms.

3. What does the underlined word “resented” mean in Paragraph 5?

A．Respected.	B．Hated.
C．Misunderstood.	D．Formed.

4. What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．Moms’ representation in advertising has been researched by ad agencies.

B．Most American women want to be seen as unique beings.

C．Advertisers should pay attention to childless women.

D．Advertisers misunderstand moms’ images.

6 . I have just returned from the 3rd Annual International Weight Stigma (羞耻) conference held this year in Iceland. I was invited to give a(n) ____, as I’ve been doing research on weight and health and sharing my findings for the last five years. I   ___ expecting to have a pleasant time and learn a few things.

What I learned ____ me. I learned something about myself that I had no idea was true.

As a woman considered fat and a(n) ____ speaker on the topic of weight and stigma, I thought I was more or less immune (免疫的) to fat hatred. I had a few examples of weight-based discrimination (歧视) ____ my way. And they usually didn’t ____ me because I knew they came from a place of ignorance and hatred.          What I didn’t know was that despite all my knowledge and ____ and relative privilege (特权), I had ____ been affected by discrimination every day. But somehow I didn’t think weight stigma ____ to me. I thought my knowledge protected me from having such ____.

However, I was ____, and understanding this has made me think about the millions of people in this world   who ____ far more serious stigma and discrimination than I have experienced. I knew how discrimination   could ____ us physically and psychologically. But I didn’t ____ know how serious the hurt could be until I attended the conference. And knowing that has ____ the way I understand myself and helped me I see stigma and discrimination in a ____ sense.

The world will ____ offer stigma to those who are different. ____ as several speakers at the conference said, difference doesn’t have to be connected with deviance (不正常). We should accept one another’s differences ____ hating them. We’re all different. And the way we ____ others’ differences can actually change their lives — for good or ill.1.

A．hand

B．talk

C．example

D．interview

2.

A．went

B．stayed

C．continued

D．refused

3.

A．scared

B．annoyed

C．shocked

D．embarrassed

4.

A．independent

B．humorous

C．serious

D．frequent

5.

A．come

B．make

C．work

D．fight

6.

A．interest

B．upset

C．confuse

D．persuade

7.

A．character

B．research

C．attention

D．comfort

8.

A．even

B．also

C．otherwise

D．still

9.

A．applied

B．replied

C．occurred

D．compared

10.

A．feeling

B．failure

C．attack

D．darkness

11.

A．wise

B．safe

C．wrong

D．selfish

12.

A．agree with

B．start with

C．live with

D．play with

13.

A．trick

B．hurt

C．punish

D．limit

14.

A．slowly

B．truly

C．recently

D．shortly

15.

A．changed

B．interrupted

C．suited

D．balanced

16.

A．strict

B．wide

C．common

D．strange

17.

A．thus

B．then

C．together

D．always

18.

A．But

B．And

C．So

D．Or

19.

A．through

B．before

C．without

D．during

20.

A．share

B．find

C．forgive

D．treat

7 . Ridgewood is a small town 20 miles from Manhattan, New York. It is a quiet town, perfect for raising children away from the rapid pace of the city. However, besides hours of homework, many Ridgewood children have too many after-school activities — from swimming to piano classes. Some kids compare their life to that of a New York general manager who has an 80-hour workweek.

Children's schedules filled with homework and activities made a lot of townspeople worried, so the town decided to start a movement called “Ridgewood Family Night — Ready, Set, Relax!” The mayor (市长) made a public statement, calling for a town-wide night for families to do nothing. And schools and clubs agreed to support the movement so families could relax and get together.

Some parents like to talk about their childhood, one without so many scheduled after-school activities. As kids, they just went out to play with neighborhood friends after school. However, almost all these parents take their children to their regularly scheduled activities. These fathers and mothers feel it is their duty to make sure their children are prepared to survive in today's high-pressure work environment. They are afraid that their children can't enter the “right” universities and won't succeed in a more and more competitive world.

However, it seems that Family Night worked, at least to a certain degree. Cars moved freely around Ridgewood's normally busy downtown streets. Some families ate supper together for the first time in months. One family watched home movies of when the children were little, baked cookies and played games together.

At first, some people were excited that they could take back their lives. But sadly, few families now believe that one night will change them. Nearly all of the townspeople are sure that they will fall back into the old habit.

1. How can people benefit from Family Night?

A．They can learn and share knowledge.

B．They can rest and enjoy family time.

C．They have more time to discuss family matters.

D．They have enough time to talk about schoolwork.

2. What can we learn about the movement?

A．It is held once a week.

B．It was partly successful.

C．It first started in Manhattan.

D．It needed the mayor's support.

3. How do most Ridgewood people look at Family Night?

A．It won't change their lifestyle.

B．It will help take back their lives.

C．It can't be accepted by the public.

D．It may help break kids' bad habits.

8 . Have you ever placed your cup of coffee on top of your car, only to forget about it and drive away, your cup still steaming on top? Have you ever placed your baby's car seat, with your baby tied up inside it, on top of your car, only to forget that your little one is still up there — so you drive away?

19­year­old Catalina Clouser put her 5­week­old baby on top of her car in his car seat and drove away, apparently forgetting he was there, not even noticing when the seat fell off the car and landed in a crossroad, police said.

The baby was discovered in the roadway, uninjured and still tied up in his car seat, by neighbors. The police believed that Clouser was under the influence of something, most likely cannabis (大麻), which damaged her judgment.

The baby is now in the care of Child Protective Services.

I've forgotten a water bottle on top of my car.And when I was younger, I had an outdoor cat that liked to sunbathe on the top of my mother's van; and he once stayed up there while my mother began driving to the grocery store (he jumped off at the first stop sign)．

Forgetting that your baby is on top of the car and driving away seems unbelievable! Not hearing the car seat fall off and continuing to drive — still forgetting — seems much crazier.He was 5 weeks old.How do you forget that? You don't — if you can't be responsible enough to keep your judgment entirely right at all appropriate times, you should not have children.

What's the craziest thing you placed on top of your car but forgot about, and then drove away?

1. Where did the baby fall down from the running car?

A．Not far from her home.

B．Exactly where the car started.

C．In a grocery store.

D．In the Child Protective Service.

2. What caused the accident?

A．The mother's carelessness.

B．The mother's inexperience.

C．Poor driving skill.

D．The effect of drug use.

3. Hearing that the baby is left on the running car, the author may feel ________．

A．shocked	B．surprised
C．unbelievable	D．amazed

4. In order to take good care of a child a mother should ________．

A．be responsible	B．be wealthy
C．take no drugs	D．not be forgetful

9 . As we all know, the “(passenger) transport during the Spring Festival period” has been a hot phrase all through the China land.

The volume of passenger traffic (客运量) reaches its climax before and after the Spring Festival. Especially, the number of those who decide to go back to their hometown by train is increasing rapidly, so it promotes the short of the tickets of passenger train. Luckily, the Ministry of Railways (铁道部) has come up with solutions. For instance, it arranges extra trains during the peak time for passenger transport as well as opens 24­hour ticket sales windows for passengers in order to ease the traffic pressure. Moreover, it helps to deliver train tickets to the doorsteps, providing convenience for passengers.

One thing that has to be mentioned this year is about start of selling tickets on­line this year. For one thing, it to some degree shortens the time of purchasing tickets. However, most of the passengers are migrant workers returning home for Spring Festival. They are not familiar with the process of buying tickets and as a result cannot buy the tickets on time. What is worse, many computers selling tickets broke down under too much pressure of operation. Therefore, many people blame such a method in that it doesn't suit nowadays' situation.

[写作内容]
1．以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2．以约120个词对“春运”进一步叙写，内容包括：
(1)自己亲身经历或者听闻的一次火车春运的状况；
(2)“网上售票”引起人们不满的原因；
(3)给铁道部或者农民工提出解决“网上购票”问题的合理化建议。
[写作要求]
1．作文中可以使用亲身经历或者虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，语句连贯。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10 . 任务型阅读

Because six out of every 10 accidental deaths happen to Chinese children who are playing, Shanghai Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical (SJJP), a US­ based pharmaceutical giant, is working on a Safe Kids Program to prevent injuries and deaths.

Since the Safe Kids Worldwide was set up in 1987 by Johnson & Johnson in the US, it has contributed to a nearly 40 percent decline in the child death rate from accidental injuries there. Learning from the successful experience, SJJP began the Safe Kids Program in China in 1999.

A recent survey conducted by SJJP and Safe Kids Worldwide China indicates that more than half of the responding parents didn’t know how to help their children keep safe and that half of the parents didn’t know about their children’s motor skill development at different ages.The survey covered 3,359 Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou’s parents with children between infancy (幼年) and 14.

Additionally, more than 40 percent of the parents didn’t know how to help their children to prepare well for sports activities. For instance, they don’t know how to have their children warm up or realize the importance of a playground­ check before sports activities.

To help correct the problems, SJJP and Safe Kids Worldwide China have been translating and editing safety education materials, sending them to parents free of charge, and delivering free lectures in kindergartens, schools and residential communities for the last 10 years.

Currently, a special team has been set up and traveling around 12 key cities of China to popularize child sports safety knowledge and offer free training for young parents.

Though SJJP refuses to say how much it has spent on the program, it says the number in terms of money, staff and technology, is large.

SJJP was founded by Johnson & Johnson in 1995 and specializes in manufacturing and development of non­prescription medicines (非处方药) and health care foods and products. So far, its investment has exceeded $41 million.

Title: Safe Kids Program

1	The program is intended to     2     accidental injuries and deaths.
Background	◇It is sponsored by SJJP, which specializes in making and     3     non­prescription medicine and health care foods and products. ◇It follows the example of the successful experience of Safe Kids. Worldwide in the US, which accounts for a 40%     4     in such injury cases.
5	◇More than 50% of the parents don’t know how to help keep children safe. ◇Half of the parents are not     6    of their children’s motor skills. ◇40% or more of the parents fail to help their children prepare well before sports activities, such as warming up and     7     the playground.
Solutions	◇They have been sending safety education materials to     8    and delivering lectures in schools and communities, all for     9    . ◇A special team has been     10    and is now traveling around to popularize child sports safety knowledge and offering free training for young parents.