1 . A Day in My Wheel Chair
Alex Johnson was born with a rare disorder and got his first wheelchair when he was 7 years old. When he was 11, he arranged to get a bunch of borrowed wheelchairs and then invited his teachers and fellow students to spend a day in them.
Dozens of volunteers quickly learned how complicated it was for Alex to get around the school. Balancing a lunch tray while also rolling down the cafeteria line? Super tricky. Those who participated also learned about the aches and pains Alex struggles with daily. There’s also the arduous, if not impossible, task of rolling a manual wheelchair up and down slopes.
Doors are the worst, they said, because they’re heavy and difficult to pull open from a rolling chair. And although the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) specifies that doorways need to be wide enough to allow a wheelchair and the person’s hands to pass through safely, but many doors in older buildings are just too narrow.
But making the world more accessible for wheelchair users is a public policy issue controlled by government officials, so Alex recently challenged the Tennessee House of Representatives to spend a day in wheelchairs. And 10 men and women took him up on it! For a full day, they worked at their desks and attended all their regular meetings in wheelchairs. The lawmakers had the same eye-opening experiences that Alex’s school pals had.
State Representative Clark Boyd said, “I expected it to be difficult, but I had no idea how frustrating it could be to just simply get around.”
Thanks to comparable wheelchair challenges around the world, more lawmakers are getting the opportunity to learn more about what it’s like for the millions of people living with a mobility disability. “My hope is that through my challenge we can make the world more accessible,” Alex said. “Together, we can change the world, one challenge at a time.”
1. In what way were the students’ experiences of spending a day in wheelchairs and the lawmakers’ experiences similar?A.Gaining a better understanding of what life is like for disabled people. |
B.Learning that making the world more accessible is government officials’ work. |
C.Learning how tiring it is to roll a wheelchair to move around the school building. |
D.Understanding what it’s like for Alex to balance a lunch tray while in a wheelchair. |
A.compulsory | B.fruitless | C.ridiculous | D.challenging |
A.To criticize the ADA for the narrow doors in buildings. |
B.To show that Clark felt sympathy for wheelchair users. |
C.To demonstrate that he had decided to change the public policy issues. |
D.To convince the reader that lawmakers can make the world more accessible. |
2 . The El Maestrazgo mountain region of Aragon is one of Spain’s most under-populated areas. There, in the tiny village of Aguaviva, Marcelo Martinez and Gilda Mazzeo, 35-year-old transplants from Buenos Aires, have been learning to embrace their adopted home. “It’s not as isolated as it looks,” says Martinez, pointing out that the nearest town is “only” 30 minutes away. Mazzeo less convinced, but even she is filled with emotion as she recalls how kindly her children were treated when the family first arrived. “They gave us food, clothes, bicycles, everything.”
For the past two years, Aguaviva has been the center of a little-known plan to repopulate Spain’s remote villages with families from Latin America. Settlers are attracted with prepaid flights, jobs, and housing — a ticket out of the poverty that has spread much of their continent. Luis Bricio, Aguaviva’s mayor and founder of the Association of Spanish Towns Against Depopulation, describes his venture as an effort to save places that would otherwise “disappear.” Since the 1950s, reducing birthrates and migration to cities have left Spain with more than 2,000 ghost towns. Many more villages are populated only by handfuls of people in their 80s.
Enter Argentina, a country struggling with an unemployment rate of 12%. In opinion polls, one-third of its citizens have said they would leave if they could. Already, experts estimate, as many as 15,000 Argentines have moved to Spain in the past year, nearly doubling the number already there. Just last week, Spain changed its laws to allow mothers — not just fathers — to pass on nationality, doubling the number eligible (有资格的) to become Spanish citizens to more than 720,000. In Teruel province, where Aguaviva lies, the population is now around 40% of what it was in 1900. “There were only two ways to change the situation,” says Bricio. “Either force people to have more babies or bring in young people from outside. We thought Latin Americans would integrate rapidly. They had the language, the common history.” Bricio placed a classified advertisement in an Argentine paper and made an announcement on a Buenos Aires radio station, targeting couples under 40 with at least two children. By the time he arrived to give his presentation, there were already 6,000 people waiting to talk to him. “Argentina, there was very little chance of work.” says Silvia Hernandez, 33, who recently moved to Teruel with her family. “The life our children have here, they could never have had in Argentina.”
Bricio’s association has now placed 106 adults and 142 children in Spanish villages — 112 of them in Aguaviva. Two years ago, the province was so desperate that it staged a protest in Madrid under the slogan “Does Exist”. More recently, a national paper ran a happier headline: “First baby born in Teruel village in 30 years.”
1. When Marcelo Martinez and Gilda Mazzeo moved to Aguaviva, they ________.A.felt disappointed with what they saw | B.lived in a town 30 minutes away |
C.received help from locals | D.failed to find any job |
A.have more people to live in some almost deserted towns |
B.find out why there are so many ghost towns in Spain |
C.calculate how many places are disappearing |
D.prevent townspeople migrating to cities |
A.Both of their populations are increasing. |
B.Their citizens can communicate in Spanish. |
C.They are both struggling for more employment. |
D.Neither of them appeal to other Latin Americans. |
A.The Land of Opportunity |
B.New Life, New Challenge |
C.Teruel Suffered in the Last 30 Years |
D.Luis Bricio, an Adventurer in Foreign Affairs |
3 . The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can boss around your appliances. Children are likely to grow up thinking everything is alive, or at least interactive. One app developer told The Washington that his son started talking to cup mats. But even without chatty devices, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people personify everyday products.
Sometimes we see things as human because we’re lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute free will and consciousness to various devices. In turn, feeling being related to objects can reduce loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they’d been excluded socially, they made it up by exaggerating their number of friends on social media - unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. The phone apparently stood in for real friends.
At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents shouted at their computer and the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely they were to report that it had “its own beliefs and desires”.
When we personify products, they become harder to cast off. After being asked to evaluate their car’s personality, people were less likely to say they intended to replace it soon. And personifying objects is associated with a tendency to hoard.
So how do people assign characteristics to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant looking than narrow-faced ones and preferred them. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles that were upturned like smiles and headlights like narrowed eyes sold best. The purchasers saw these features as increasing a car’s friendliness and aggressiveness, respectively.
It’s little wonder so many companies use mascots to bring brands to life. A classification of 1,151 brand characters found symbols that were human or humanlike to be widespread: People were most popular, accounting for 21 percent of mascots, followed by birds, domesticated animals, wild animals, and various plants.
Personifying products and brands can backfire, however. When a coffee maker was personified in an ad (“I am Aroma” versus just “Aroma”), men, but not women, felt betrayed by increases in its price. Now that speech- enabled coffee makers are on the market, maybe the machines can sweet-talk their way back into men’s hearts.
1. Why would the son of an app developer in Paragraph 1 try to talk to cup mats?A.Because he recognizes everything as being interactive. |
B.Because he believes the cup mats have talked to him, |
C.Because he wants to repeat the experience with Alexa. |
D.Because he has strong interests in making conversation. |
A.they lack real life friends and are not able to make any |
B.they find it hard to understand other people around them |
C.they feel lonely and are aware of a desire for interaction |
D.they become extremely angry with a certain product |
A.Dominant-looking cars sell best because we find them friendlier. |
B.We find it harder to get rid of the things that we once personified. |
C.Products with certain features are more likely to be personified. |
D.We prefer good-looking products and are more likely to buy them. |
A.A good-looking dog. |
B.Sunflowers. |
C.Hello Kitty, |
D.Super Mario Brothers. |
4 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks ‘with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
On January 10, Uganda reopened schools after the longest closure in the world
When the buildings first shuttered, the Ministry ofEducation broadcast lessons on TV and radio stations, and some schools handed out printed materials. But this did not last for lack of funding. So the
Uganda’s National Planning Authority in August 2021 projected that 4.5 million of them will likely not return to school. The reasons for the dropouts are manifold. The teen pregnancy rate rose significantly. And many poor children in urban and rural areas
Plus, in an economy pinched by the pandemic, many families cannot currently afford the fees,
Children who are able to return school have been promoted one grade level, a decision made by the Ministry of Education to guarantee spots for newly
Kusemererwa Jonathan Henry, a teenager living in Kamwokya, one of the largest slums in the capital of Kampala, had just started high school and made new friends
5 . People using ad-blocking software who visited the New York Times website in March were shown a message. This read: “The best things in life aren’t
Despite many internet users’ opposition, a number of publishers are now banning ad-blocking software. Aidan Joyce, chief executive of Oriel, says, “Most ad-blocking users do not object to a reasonable advertising experience
To satisfy people who hate advertising, the news organization plans to introduce a higher-priced, advertisement-free
However, Sean Blanchfield, chief executive of PageFair, argues that publishers need to exercise care in how they ban ad blockers. “Users have justifiable concerns,” he says. “Ads that are served today have serious privacy and security problems.” Mr. Blanchfield says that PageFair aims to help publishers. “
Publishers that ban ad blockers also risk losing their audience to competitors that turn out more
More than half of U.K. adults using an ad blocker said that they would switch it off if doing so was the only way to access a website, according to a survey by YouGov. Meanwhile, Sweden’s biggest publishers will
A.equal | B.free | C.essential | D.absolute |
A.download | B.update | C.purchase | D.disable |
A.in place of | B.in response to | C.in search of | D.in return for |
A.consume | B.block | C.modify | D.oppose |
A.application | B.qualification | C.protection | D.subscription |
A.create | B.access | C.evaluate | D.distribute |
A.broaden | B.acquire | C.embrace | D.redefine |
A.innovative | B.generous | C.adaptable | D.committed |
A.passive | B.regular | C.prospective | D.selective |
A.secretly | B.cautiously | C.permanently | D.collectively |
A. chop B. favored C. physical D. distract E. instruction F. discipline G. regular H. evolve I. covered J. engage K. comprehension |
Today’s students have a problem. They were born into a world where smartphones, social media, and immediate access to the internet are hurting their ability to focus.
Now teachers have a problem too. They find it particularly exhausting to ask students to read complex or long texts without taking
A common idea among teachers is that short is good. When students can’t seem to pay attention to long lectures, many teachers simply
A study from educational publisher Pearson found that students aged between 10 and 24 tend to stay away from
Still, while those educators are embracing technology in the classroom to meet students’ needs, they are also finding value in traditional methods, and so suggest a mixed learning approach. Direct
Teachers are making an effort not only to ensure that students take advantage of new technologies, but to teach students valuable skills that can help them succeed in a world constantly trying to
7 . As Christmas approached, the price of turkey went wild. It didn’t rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it crash. It just started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price.
It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us.
They have enough means to do so: the huge data tracks you leave behind whenever you place something in your online shopping cart with top data scientists capable of turning the information into useful price strategies, and what one tech economist calls “the ability to experiment on a scale that’s unimaginable in the history of economics.”
In result, not coincidentally, normal pricing practices—an advertised discount off the “list price,” two for the price of one, or simply “everyday low prices” are giving way to far more crazy strategies.
“In the Internet era, I don’t think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. The price of a can of soda in a vending machine can now vary with the temperature outside. The price of the headphones may depend on how budget-conscious your web history shows you to be. The price may even be affected by the price of the mobile phone you use for item search. For shoppers, that means price—not the one offered to you right now, but the one offered to you 20 minutes from now, or the one offered to me, or to your neighbor—may become an increasingly unknowable thing. “There used to be one price for something,” Dolan notes. Now the true price of pumpkin-pie spice is subject to a level of uncertainty.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.When holidays come, prices are usually increased. |
B.The right price to sellers is the one to bring biggest profits. |
C.The right price is fixed although it’s hard to find it. |
D.To buy a pie, customers have to become an expert in economy. |
A.reflect on the effect of the Internet |
B.analyze customers’ online buying history for price strategy |
C.double check the existence of the purchase |
D.find out online where the lowest prices are |
A.The instant mood of the buyer at the time of purchase. |
B.The necessity level of the item at the time of purchase. |
C.The extent to which the buyer is sensitive to the price. |
D.The price of the facility the buyer uses to look for the item. |
A.The advantages of online shopping over traditional shopping. |
B.Measures sellers take to maximize profits. |
C.The analysis of pricing mechanism. |
D.The battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age. |
8 . Catherine Garland, a physics professor, started seeing “the problem” in 2019. She’d laid out the assignment clearly during an engineering course, but student after student was calling her over for help. They were all getting the same error message: The program couldn’t find their files.
Garland thought it would be an easy fix. She asked each student where they had saved their project. “Could they be on the desktop? Perhaps in the Documents folder?” But over and over, she was met with confusion. “What are you talking about?” multiple students inquired. Gradually, Garland came to the realization: the concept of file folders and directories, essential to previous generations, understanding of computers, is gibberish to many modern students.
Garland’s mental model is commonly known as “directory structure”, the hierarchical system (层级体系) of folders used to arrange files. What have caused the mental model to change? It is possible that many students spent their high school years storing documents in the cloud storage like OneDrive and Dropbox rather than in physical spaces. It could also have to do with the other apps they’re accustomed to. “When I want to scroll (滚屏) over to Snapchat, Twitter, they’re not in any particular order, but I know exactly where they are,” says Vogel, who is a devoted iPhone user. Some of it boils down to muscle memory.
It may also be that in an age where every user interface includes a search function, young people have never needed folders or directories. The first internet search engines were used around 1990, but features like Windows Search are products of the early 2000s. While many of today’s professors grew up without search functions, today’s students increasingly don’t remember a world without them.
Some may blame the generational incompetence. An international study claimed that only 2 percent of Generation Z (born from 1997 onwards) had achieved the “digital native” level of computer literacy. But the issue is likely not that modern students are learning fewer digital skills, but rather that they’re learning different ones. Garland, for all her knowledge of directory structure, doesn’t understand Instagram nearly as well as her students do. “They use computers one way, and we use computers another way,” Garland emphasizes. “That’s where the problem lies.”
1. The word “gibberish” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to________.A.common | B.accessible | C.nonsense | D.fundamental |
A.There is no search function in the directory structure. |
B.College professors have weaker muscles than students do. |
C.Modern students like to store documents in physical drives. |
D.The change in mental models reflects the progress in technology. |
A.highlights the different mindsets of two generations |
B.criticizes modern students’ overuse of online apps |
C.shows the difficulty of teaching today’s students |
D.calls on a change in the education of physics |
A.Teaching students directory structure. |
B.Improving generational understanding. |
C.Enhancing Generation Z’s digital skills. |
D.Urging teachers to learn search functions. |
9 . When you are little, it’s not hard to believe you can change the world. I remember my enthusiasm when, at the age of 12, I addressed the people at the Rio Earth Summit. “I am only a child” I told them. “Yet I know that if all the money spent on war was spent on ending poverty and finding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this world would be. At school you teach us not to fight with others, to work things out, to respect others, to clean up our mess, not to hurt other creatures, to share, not to be greedy. Then, why do you go out and do the thing you tell us not to do? You grown-ups say you love us, but I challenge you, please, to make our actions reflect your words.”
I spoke for six minutes and received a standing ovation. Some of the delegates even cried. I thought that maybe had reached some of them, that my speech might actually spur(激励)action. Now, ten years from Rio, after I’ve sat through many more conferences, I’m not sure what has been accomplished. My confidence in the people in power and in the power of an individual’s voice to reach them has been deeply shaken.
When I was little, the world was simple. But as a young adult, I’m learning that as we have to make choices - education, career, lifestyle - life gets more and more complicated. We are beginning to feel pressure to produce and be successful. We are taught that economic growth is progress, but we aren’t taught how to pursue a happy, healthy on sustainable way of living. And we are leaning that what we wanted for the future when we were 12 was idealistic and innocent.
Today I’m no longer a child, but I’m worried about what kind of environment my children will grow up in. I know change is possible, because I am changing, still figuring out what think. I am still deciding how to live my life. The challenges are great, but if we accept individual responsibility and make sustainable choices, we will rise to the challenges, and we will become part of the positive tide of change.
1. The purpose of what the speaker said at the age of 12 was to ________.A.end poverty and make school beautiful |
B.end poverty and solve the problems about environment |
C.find a wonderful place and clean it up |
D.find environmental answers and keep the words that they always told themselves |
A.a long period of laughing | B.a warm welcome |
C.a long period of clapping and applauses | D.an expression used for greeting |
A.the writer thinks what he thought at the age of 12 is mature. |
B.the writer’s children will certainly live in an ideal environment. |
C.the writer’s confidence in the people in power has deeply shaken their voice. |
D.the writer’s belief does not change when he grows up. |
10 . Discover how trade unions have shaped the way people work.
If you are travelling by train this summer you may find this journey is affected by the national rail strike.
What is a trade union?
It is an organization that looks after the rights of people who work in the same industry, do a specific job or work at the same company. The National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) represents 80,000 transport workers, and the National Education Union has more than 460,000 members who work in teaching. Trade unions give their members a strong, group voice and support when dealing with the companies they work for.
How did trade unions start and grow?
Workers have been organizing themselves into unions for hundreds of years. During the Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840), when lots of people left the countryside to work in factories in harsh conditions, workers began pressing their employers for better pay and safety rules. In 1871, the Trade Union Act, which made it legal to form trade unions, was passed. Since then, trade unions have made a big difference to the way people work, helping to set a minimum wage, making it illegal for children to work, and making sure workers can have holidays.
How do trade unions achieve their aims?
Does everyone agree with strike action?
No. Strikes can seriously disrupt daily life. A rail strike stops people getting to school and work and a teacher strike could close schools. This year’s national rail strike is the biggest in the UK for 30 years, and the next strike day (27 July) is due just before the Commonwealth Games starts in Birmingham, England. The Government says this will harm the event but Mick Lynch of the RMT says the public support the strike.
A.Going on strikes has badly affected the people’s daily life. |
B.Unions help make sure workers are paid fairly and work in safe conditions. |
C.This means many trains could be delayed or cancelled as rail workers go on strike. |
D.In the UK, unions talk to employers to agree fair wages and safe working conditions. |
E.Going on strike is powerful because it affects people and it gets noticed. |
F.The trade union in UK grows big and powerful by organizing many famous strikes. |