1 . In the 1960s, African American mothers noticed something wrong in their children’s seemingly innocent class photos. Every year, youngsters tidied up in their Sunday best for their school picture, yet these treasured images didn’t ____ Black and White children equally. White children were rendered (使成为) as they look in everyday life, while African American children lost ____ of their faces and turned into ink blots (墨渍). The film could not simultaneously capture both dark and light skin. For decades, this flaw of the film remained out of ____, when Black boys and girls and white boys and girls were photographed separately. But with the integration of schools, Black mothers ____ that color film left their Black children in the shadows.

In 2015, two London-based photographers, Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin, wanted to find out why the film could not capture the ____ of children of all races in a school photograph. When these photographers tested the film, they found the film was optimized for ____ skin. It was this film’s hidden history that was the ____ faces in a class photo came out so differently.

All that changed, ____, when large corporations made a fuss about Kodak’s film, which they bought in bulk for advertising. A team of two unlikely businesses – furniture makers and chocolate manufacturers – ____ against Kodak’s films for discriminating against dark hues.

Kodak employees worked hard to fix the film, making new film formulations and testing them by taking photos. While the complaints from Black mothers could not change Kodak, those from these companies could. By the late 1970s, new - and more ____ - formulations of color film were in the works, and the new and improved Kodak Gold film was on the market by the following decade.

Technologies, such as photographic films, sometimes capture the beliefs and values of the times. This bias built into technology has ____ today. Today, some web cameras, following instructions from algorithms (算法), are unable to recognize a dark face, but do so ____ for a white one.

What the makers of film and cameras and other technologies have experienced is a tacit (心照不宣的) subscription to a belief of a standard. ____, they have gotten on the escalator of “this is how we do things” without asking why. Scholars would describe this type of bias as one that implicitly (完全地) and ____ accepts norms. But it isn’t the ____ fault; they are only doing what the lines of code written by humans tell them to do. These devices capture the biases that exist in our world and, in turn, speak to whom a culture values.

1.

A．treat

B．capture

C．reflect

D．divide

2.

A．characters

B．expressions

C．features

D．colors

3.

A．fashion

B．print

C．range

D．sight

4.

A．recommended

B．witnessed

C．maintained

D．urged

5.

A．likeness

B．frankness

C．carelessness

D．darkness

6.

A．dark

B．yellow

C．white

D．black

7.

A．coincidence

B．reason

C．consequence

D．result

8.

A．therefore

B．however

C．furthermore

D．meanwhile

9.

A．guarded

B．insured

C．went

D．protested

10.

A．inclusive

B．persuasive

C．decisive

D．offensive

11.

A．echoes

B．conclusions

C．objections

D．intentions

12.

A．quickly

B．equally

C．easily

D．similarly

13.

A．As a result

B．In other words

C．For example

D．On the contrary

14.

A．inconsistently

B．unexpectedly

C．inevitably

D．uncritically

15.

A．cameras’

B．technologies’

C．films’

D．humans’

2 . The Battle of Chancellorsville, one of the most famous battles of the Civil War, took place in Virginia in the spring of 1863. For months, the two armies had been staying on opposite banks of a narrow river. The Confederate(南方联盟) troops were led by perhaps     1     (honored) military tactician(战略家) in American history, General Robert E. Lee. The Union (北方联盟)soldiers were led by “Fighting” Joe Hooker.

In appearance, personality, and lifestyle, these men were nearly perfect opposites. Lee, an older man in poor health with a gray beard, had a solemn, measured character. Hooker was a blond, broad-shouldered young man     2     pride over his appearance was but one aspect of his self-centeredness. Whereas Lee was loyal and principled, Hooker was known for his rollicking enjoyment of both women and whiskey.

Despite the fact that the Confederacy     3     (win) the last four major battles and the Union soldiers were starving,     4     (exhaust), and demoralized, Hooker proclaimed, “My plans are perfect. And when I start to carry them out,     5     God have mercy on Bobby Lee, for I shall have none.” Why was Hooker so confident?

Hooker had used spies, analysts, and even hot air balloons to compile a vast amount of intelligence about Lee’s army. He had already been aware, for example,     6     Lee had only 61,000 men to Hooker’s own 134,000. Supported by his superior numbers, Hooker secretly moved 70,000 of his men fifteen miles up and across the river, and then ordered them to sneak back down to position themselves     7     Lee’s army. In effect, Hooker had cut off the Confederate soldiers in front and behind. They were trapped. Satisfied with his advantage, Hooker became convinced that Lee’s only option was to retreat to Richmond, thus     8     (assure) a Union victory.

Yet Lee, despite his disadvantages of both numbers and position, did not retreat. Instead, he moved his troops into position to attack. Union soldiers who tried to warn Hooker that Lee was on the offensive     9     (dismiss) as cowards. Having become convinced that Lee had no choice but     10     (retreat), Hooker began to ignore reality. When Lee’s army attacked the Union soldiers at 5:00 p.m., they were eating supper, completely unprepared for battle. They abandoned their rifles and fled as Lee’s troops came shrieking out of the brush, bayonets drawn. Against all odds, Lee won the Battle of Chancellorsville, and Hooker’s forces withdrew in defeat.

3 . “We do look very different; we’re older. Leo’s 38, I’m 37. We were 21 and 22 when we made that film. You know, he’s fatter now -- I’m thinner.” So says Kate Winslet, who is thrilled at the 3-D re-release of Titanic to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the ship’s demise. “It happens every time I get on any boat of any kind." She recalls. There are all the people who want her to walk to the front of the ship and re-create her famous pose, arms flung wide. Most people remember the tragedy: The British passenger ship—said to be unsinkable—hit an iceberg and sank on April 15, 1912, during its maiden voyage from England to New York City. More than 1,500 people died. But little known is what the world learned from the sinking to prevent future incidents.
Probably the greatest deficiency (不足) of the Titanic was that she was built 40 years before the widespread use of the wonderful invention radar (雷达). Her only defense against icebergs and hidden obstacles was to rely on manned lookouts. On that fateful night the eyesight of trained lookouts only provided 37 seconds of warning before the collision.
Traveling at nearly 30 miles an hour, the Titanic was moving far too fast to avoid the huge iceberg. The warning did prevent a head-on collision as the officer on the bridge managed to turn the ship slightly.
The last ship to which it could send an SOS message was the California. She was within ten miles of the Titanic during the disaster, but her radio operator went to bed at midnight and never received any of the SOS messages from the Titanic. That was one of the important lessons learned from the catastrophe, the need for 24-hour radio operators on all passenger liners.
Another lesson learned was the need for more lifeboats. The Titanic remained afloat (漂浮) for almost three hours and most of the passengers could have been saved with enough lifeboats.
1,500 passengers and workers died in the 28 degree waters of the Atlantic. Out of the tragedy, the sinking did produce some important maritime reforms. The winter travel routes were changed to the south and the Coast Guard began to keep an eye on the location of all icebergs. The new rules for lifeboats were obvious to all. There must be enough lifeboats for everybody on board.
The most important lesson learned was that no one would ever again consider a ship unsinkable—no matter how large or how well constructed. Never again would sailors place their faith in a ship above the power of the sea.
1. The text mainly tells us ______.

A．the reason why the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean

B．how the unsinkable ship of Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean

C．the lessons that we could learn from the accident of the Titanic

D．the things we should do to protect the lives on the ship

2. According to the passage, which of the following could we infer?

A．If the captain had been more careful, he could have had the chance to save the Titanic.

B．If radar had existed 40 years ago, the Titanic would have never disappeared from the world.

C．If the lookout had had much more experience, he could have had the time to save the Titanic.

D．If there had been enough lifeboats on the Titanic, the Titanic would not have sunk in the Atlantic.

3. What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Lessons from the Titanic	B．Technology is Important
C．Demands of Passengers	D．Power of Sea

4. What’s the sailors’ attitude towards the ships after the tragedy?

A．They think there really exists the unsinkable ship.

B．They think ships could eventually defeat the sea.

C．They think there is no power that could control the sea.

D．They think the bigger the ship is, the safer it is.