1 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. Who does the organization of Law Society represent?

A．Native people.	B．Lawyers in Britain.
C．Non-humans.	D．Children in Wales.

2. In which way are the newly-proposed laws different from the others?

A．They focus on better ways to tackle climate change.

B．They forbid other creatures to use trees for food or shelter.

C．They recognize the legal rights of the whole natural system.

D．They protect things humans find interesting like trees and pets.

3. What is the talk mainly about?

A．Defending native cultures by law.

B．Using laws to protect nature.

C．Fighting the loss of biodiversity.

D．Using technology to protect the environment.

2 . Learning to drive is important to the independence of teenagers, but it is also a great responsibility. Although having a law that keeps 16-year-old drivers from having more than one teenager in the car with them at first seems unfair, there are convincing reasons for this requirement.

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety reports that teens are four times more likely than older drivers to be involved in an automobile accident. It also reports that 16-and-17-year-old drivers are twice as likely to have an accident if they have two teenage friends in the car and four times as likely to have one if they have three or more teenage friends in the car with them. Fatal (致命的) crashes of 16-year-old drivers involve the highest percentage of speeding, driver error, and number of passengers. This information is enough to cause any reasonable person to wonder about the wisdom of allowing new teen drivers to take a carload of friends anywhere, even if the law permits it.     

A study at the National Institutes of Health indicates that the part of the human brain that controls judgment and evaluates the consequences of our actions might not be fully formed until the age of 25. Until this study, researchers had placed the age at 18. If this is true, it could explain the reckless (鲁莽的) behavior of many teens, behavior that often extends into their twenties. It also could be a strong reason for being cautious about the driving circumstances of young people.

This is not the only study that indicates such caution is necessary. One study at Temple University in Philadelphia examines the results of peer pressure in risky driving situations. The study, which uses a driving game, has an individual guide a car through a course, both alone and in the presence of friends. Three different age groups participated in the study: 13-16, 18-22, and 24 and older. Members of the oldest group showed caution whether driving alone or with friends present, but the two younger groups took more chances when they were with their friends. Furthermore, because these drivers were accustomed to the noise and distraction of many passengers, they were unable to see their own mistakes. Once again, this is a good indication that a law restricting the number of teenagers in the car with a young driver is a good idea.

1. What does the author mainly tell us in Paragraph 2?

A．Many deaths have occurred because of inexperience and overconfidence.

B．It’s reasonable to severely limit the passenger number of teen drivers.

C．New teen drivers have to ask permission before driving with friends.

D．There are many causes behind the teens’ driving accidents.

2. From the two studies, the author probably suggests that ________.

A．different age groups have different peer pressure

B．teenagers often give wrong judgments above passengers’ noise

C．underdeveloped brain makes teens ignore their mistakes

D．driving circumstances are bound up with the risk of accidents

3. We can infer that the law restriction can probably ________.

A．protect teens on the highway	B．raise teens’ sense of responsibility
C．reduce the number of fatal crashes	D．force teens to drive with caution

4. With which statement would the author most likely disagree?

A．Some teenagers have risky behavior while driving.

B．Certain laws treat teenagers and adults differently.

C．We still need more studies on teen driving.

D．Driving is important to a teenager’s sense of independence.

3 . The Yurok people have lived along the Klamath River, which flows from the Cascades in Oregon southwest through Northern California, for thousands of years, protecting the region and river from which they — and others — draw sustenance (生计).

But as development and pollution continue to reduce the number of fish in the river and the quantity and quality of its waters, the Yurok Tribe is legalizing (合法化) the tribe’s longstanding care by granting the Rights of Personhood to the Klamath, the first river in North America to have such rights declared.

The Yurok Tribal Council’s May 2019 resolution means the river has the same legal rights as a human under tribal law. This order allows people to bring law cases on behalf of the river when its rights are violated. According to the resolution, the tribe’s intention is to provide a legal basis for safeguarding the river and its ecosystem, especially in the face of water diversion, industrial pollution, and climate change impacts, among other threats. In a testimony (证词) delivered to the U. S. House of Representatives in October 2019, Yurok Tribe Vice Chairman Frankie Myers said this legal framework could create a path to ward a more thoughtful view of the rights of nature in other communities and courts, and that any money awarded by the Yurok courts will fund cleanup and restoration projects to remedy the litigated harms.

The Yurok Tribe’s resolution draws lessons from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and echoes the efforts of other Indigenous tribes, including the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, which adopted the Rights of wild rice, in December 2018. “This is a very important step forward in the Rights of Nature movement,” Mari Margil, Associate Director of the Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund commented.

1. Which of the following can be used to describe Yurok people?

A．A conqueror.

B．A guardian.

C．A governor.

D．A consumer.

2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?

A．The process of legalization.	B．The tradition of Yurok tribe.
C．The reason behind the legalization.	D．The importance of the Klamath River.

3. What does the law aim to do?

A．Win an award in cleanup projects.

B．Protect the personhood of the river.

C．Fight against global water pollution.

D．Improve the government legal system.

4. What can we learn from Yurok Tribe according to the last paragraph?

A．Time and tide wait for no man.

B．Birds of a feather flock together.

C．Past experience is a guide for the future.

D．All things are difficult before they are easy.

4 . “There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist, “that is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s statement and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are charged with corruption (腐败).

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse (分散的) “halo effect” its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble distinguishing these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions (起诉) under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study finds that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tend to get more lenient punishments. Their analysis rules out the possibility that it is the firm’s political influence, rather than its CSR stance, that accounts for the leniency: Companies that contribute more to political campaigns do not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labor-rights concern, such as child labor, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are relying on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

1. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with___________.

A．uncertainty

B．interest

C．approval

D．tolerance

2. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by___________.

A．guarding it against malpractices	B．protecting it from consumers
C．winning trust from consumers	D．raising the quality of its products

3. The underlined expression “more lenient” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to___________.

A．less debatable

B．more lasting

C．more effective

D．less severe

4. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record___________.

A．comes across as reliable evidence	B．has an impact on their decision
C．is considered part of the investigation	D．increases the chance of being punished

5 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

China’s top legislature (立法机构) passed the Yellow River Protection Law on Sunday. Due     1     (come) into effect from April 1, the law explains water conservation on the river basin, ecological protection and     2     (restore), conservation and intensive use of water resources, flood control and pollution prevention among other measures.

The Yellow River, the second     3     (long) river in China, is called the mother river of the Chinese nation. Since the founding of new China, large-scale protection of the river     4     (carry) out and remarkable achievements made. The introduction of the Yellow River Protection Law will further enhance the river’s governance (管理) and protection.

The law     5     (cover) a series of key issues, such as ecological environment fragility and water shortage. This means the settlement of some of the “pain points”     6     have long troubled the river now has a legal basis. The law also     7     (specific) highlights the need to strengthen the protection, inheritance and promotion of the Yellow River culture.

The Yellow River basin is home     8     a lot of cultural relics, ancient documents and other important cultural heritage, and     9     (they) protection is a very important part of the river’s protection and governance, since it is of irreplaceable significance to promoting     10     inheritance (继承) of Chinese civilization.

6 . China will accelerate law-making on making up for ecological damage, as the mechanism (机制) continues to prove its role in helping restore damaged environments across the country, according to the Ministry of Ecology and Environment. From 2018 to 2021, authorities across the country handled about 11, 300 such cases, with compensation (补偿) amounting to almost 11.7 billion yuan.

The department showed statistics demonstrating the mechanism as effective in dealing with ecological and environmental damage.

It said that thanks to the compensation, over 36 million cubic meters of contaminated soil and 300 million cubic meters of polluted surface water have been treated. The mechanism has also helped restore over 61 million square meters of forest.

In a case exposed in late 2019, for instance, a paper company named Meili was found to have illegally dumped a large amount of thick, black waste from papermaking in the Tengger Desert. According to the ministry’s investigation, most of the pollutants were dumped from 2003 to 2007, polluted soil and groundwater, and damaging plants. In March 2021, after a third-party agency was brought in to assess the damage, a court in Zhongwei required the polluter to pay more than 198 million yuan in compensation in two stages.

In the first stage, Meili will pay about 44.2 million yuan to cover the cost to investigate andclean up the pollutants. The rest of the compensation will be used in the second stage to carry out compensatory restoration, groundwater monitoring and risk control in the area. In its statement, the department of law, regulation and standards also noted the remarkable progress the country has made in enhancing the institutions for the mechanism.

Bie Tao, director of the department, vowed further efforts to promote law-making for the mechanism. “Aside from striving to include ecological and environmental damage compensationinto the Environmental Protection Law and other relevant laws, we will also make efforts to promote research into a specific law for the mechanism,” he said.

1. What does the underlined word “contaminated” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Dirty.

B．Pure.

C．Tidy.

D．Rich.

2. What does the case of the paper company Meili show?

A．How to make the law.	B．How the mechanism worked.
C．How to monitor groundwater.	D．How the environment was polluted.

3. What will be the focus in the coming years according to Bie Tao?

A．Detailed news about global warming.

B．Clearly defined law for the mechanism.

C．Further research into the paper company.

D．Regular process of environmental protection.

4. What might be the best title for the text?

A．Make polluters pay	B．Keep the earth healthy
C．Stop environmental damage	D．Work harmoniously with each other

8 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A revised law     1     requires children to visit their aging parents on a regular basis has been welcomed by many, but some say it will be just symbolic. Family members should care about the psychological needs of their older relatives,     2     they should visit them or send greetings     3     (regular).

The law was passed     4     (protect) the lawful rights and interests of parents aged 60 and older, and to carry on the Chinese virtue of filial piety(孝顺). To highlight the implementation of the law, a court in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province,     5     (hold) public hearing on Monday and passed judgement that the two defendants must visit their aging mother at least once every two months after both failed to supply support to her. Filial piety,     6     (consider) a key virtue of traditional Chinese culture, generally means respect for one’s parents and ancestors,     7     (include) being good to one’s parents and fulfilling one’s duty to take care of them.

The law also states that China will deal     8     an aging population as part of its long-term national strategy, and will improve social     9     (secure) for old people. Although it is difficult to carry it out now, many people think the law will     10     (apply) more effectively in the future.

9 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. benefit   B. displayed   C. documentation   D. elegantly   E. improbable   F. intrusive G. label       H. lessen     I. massive            J. positively   K. promotional

Norway’s new law on edited photos

A new law in Norway makes it illegal for advertisers and social media influencers to share     1     photos online without disclosing whether the images were altered.It modifies the 2009 Marketing and Control Act and sets to go into effect when the King of Norway decides it should.

The law concerns advertisers and people who receive “payment or other     2    ” in exchange for their posts. It will impact “brands, companies, and influencers’ sponsored posts,” and concerns posts on all social media sites.

The new law requires disclosures for edits made after the image was taken and before, such as Snapchat and Instagram filters that modify one’s appearance. Examples of edits that people who are being paid for pictures are required to     3    include “enlarged lips, narrowed waists, and exaggerated muscles,” among other things.

Body pressure, or “kroppspress” in Norway, is a major topic of conversation in the country, the Ministry of Children and Family Affairs said in its report. “Young people are exposed to a(n)    4     pressure to look good through advertising and social media, and the models     5     are often digitally retouched, which exposes young people to an ideal of beauty that is impossible to achieve.”

By prohibiting advertisers and influencers from posting such photos without proper     6     with a government-authorized stamp, the Ministry said it hopes to    7     the negative impacts of body pressure on young people. “It is especially important to prevent the desire to make more     8     and long-lasting changes in one’s own look,” the Ministry said.

Some of Norway’s top influencers have already thought     9     about the new law, “Young people today are growing up to a completely     10     beauty ideal,” Husebye, who was awarded “Influencer of the Year”,said “I feel that the new law can only help them to understand that this is not how you look, but it has been edited.”

10 . Michael Jackson had Bubbles, a chimpanzee(黑猩猩). Justin Bieber had Og Mally, a capuchin(卷尾猴), until it was seized by German customs officials and put in a zoo. Rihanna has been photographed bottle-feeding a baby monkey on holiday. The stars would find few fans in the British government, which on December 12, 2020 placed new restrictions on keeping primates(灵长目动物)as pets. Somewhere between 1,000 and 5,000 marmoserts, lemurs, tamarins and other little species of primates are kept in private ownership in Britain, the government says, often bored to misery.

One of the benefits of cutting loose from the European continent is that Britain can fully express its passion for animals. Politicians are only too happy to work for it, for pet-friendly policies are cheap and popular. In the previous election, the Tory Party promised to help reunite missing pets with their owners by making it compulsory to put chips into the bodies of cats and dogs, and to deal with animal smuggling(走私). The Labour Party promised to ban the live-boiling of lobsters in restaurants.

Yet, Britain’s animal welfare laws are already among the most comprehensive in the world, according to the Animal Protection Index.

Wild animals in traveling circuses were banned by law last year, but a decreasing public appetite for parades of elephants and tigers balanced on chairs had already put an end to the business. By the time the ban came into force, only two licensed animal circuses were left in Britain. Members of Parliament are moved by the sad loss of pets because of motor accidents. James Daly has proposed Gizmo’s Law, named after a cat, the victim of a hit-and-run accident, which was burned without its owner’s knowledge. The law requires that dead animals be brought back from the roadside to scan them for microchips, so that they can be reunited with their brokenhearted owners rather than being burned without their names being known. A draft bill in 2018 proposed criminalizing drivers who failed to stop after striking a cat. Hit-and-runs on dogs, pigs, goats and humans are already illegal.

1. What does the author want to introduce by mentioning the three stars in Paragraph 1?

A．A recent pet-friendly policy in Britain.

B．British people’s passion for animals.

C．A trend towards keeping primates as pets.

D．The present situation of primates in Britain.

2. What do we know about Britain’s politicians?

A．They’re two-faced about animal welfare.

B．They disapprove of European animal welfare.

C．They used to blame each other on animal welfare.

D．They devoted to making laws on animal welfare.

3. Why are dead animals in Gizmo’s Law scanned?

A．To track the hit-and-run driver.

B．To help the animals find their way home.

C．To inform their owners of the accidents.

D．To find out the exact locations of the accidents.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Animal welfare: all you need to know

B．Could Britain be a leader in animal welfare?

C．Could animal welfare plans be smart politics?

D．Animal welfare: a favorite issue for politicians.