1 . Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant(执行令)if the phone is on or around a person dur
ing an arrest.
California has asked the justices to restore the practice that the police may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be careless if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are recognizable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by casting away California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these device
s is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be very difficult for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still ignore Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, destructive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of cars; similarly, they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
1. The Supreme Court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legal to ____.| A．search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant |
| B．check suspects' phone contents without being authorized |
| C．prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents |
| D．prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones |
| A．tolerance. | B．indifference | C．disapproval | D．cautiousness |
| A．principles are hard to be clearly expressed |
| B．the court is giving police less room for action |
| C．phones are used to store sensitive information |
| D．citizens' privacy is not effective protected |
| A．the Constitution should be carried out flexibly |
| B．New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution |
| C．California's argument violates principles of the Constitution |
| D．Principles of the Constitution should never be changed |
Thanks to new rules, many students in Zhejiang and Heilongjiang provinces can now stay in bed longer than
On Feb 23, the Zhejiang Department of Education published a new guideline that
These changes are aimed
3 . When your alarm clock rings and you drag yourself out of bed, you probably wonder： Why on earth does school have to start so early?
Fortunately, there is a new law to support—or better still, science.
A law in California, passed on Oct 13, requires that public middle schools begin classes no earlier than 8：00 am and that high schools start no earlier than 8：30 am. The law will go into effect by July 1, 2022.
Starting school at 8：00 or 8：30 in the morning may not sound like too big of a change, but it could mean one more hour of sleep for students who used to start school at 7:30 or even earlier.
"The effect of that one hour is something they will be feeling as 40-year-old adults," Sumit Bhargava, a sleep expert at Stanford University, told The New York Times. He said that not having enough sleep can affect students' mental health and increase the risk of being overweight and diabetes （糖尿病）.
In the short run, students' school performances should improve almost immediately. Kyla Wahlstrom, a researcher at the University of Minnesota's College of Education, found that students who have enough sleep are alert in class and get much more satisfying grades.
Some might say that asking students to go to bed earlier could have been a much easier solution than changing the school timetable across an entire state. But according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, teenagers go through biological changes when they enter puberty （青春期）,which makes it difficult for them to fall asleep before 11：00 pm. So when school starts at 8：00 or earlier, they can hardly get the ideal 8.5-9.5 hours of sleep that experts suggest they need to do their best in the daytime.
This is why when the new law came out, its author, Anthony Portantino, said, "Generations of children will come to appreciate this historic day and our governor for taking action."
1. Which of the following is TRUE about the law?| A．The law has not been put into practice. |
| B．The law requires schools to start later than 8：30am. |
| C．The law will be passed by July 1, 2022. |
| D．The law is made by a university in California. |
| A．Friendly. | B．Sharp. |
| C．Calm. | D．Honest. |
| A．About 8 hours. | B．About 9 hours. |
| C．At least 10 hours. | D．At most 8. 5 hours. |
| A．Lack of sleep could lead to health problems. |
| B．The amount of sleep people need changes with age. |
| C．A new law lets students sleep longer. |
| D．Sleeping problems are leading problems for teenagers. |
4 . French children are saying "Hello" to the new academic year and "Bye" to their cell phones during school hours． That's because a new law has come into effect which bans phone use by students up to the age of 15． The legislation， which follows a campaign promise by French President Emmanuel Macron， also bans tablets and smart watches．
The ban is also in place at break times， with exceptions in cases of emergency and for disabled children， the French Education Ministry said in a statement． In emergencies， students can ask their teachers for permission to use their phones． Meanwhile， high schools can voluntarily carry out the measure．
Education Minister Jean-Michel Blanquer said the new rules aim to help children focus on lessons， better socialize and reduce social media use． The ban is also designed to fight online bullying and prevent thefts and violence in school． Blanquer has claimed the legislation would improve discipline among France's 12 million school students， nearly 90% of whom have mobile phones． "Being open to technologies of the future doesn't mean we have to accept all their uses，" Blanquer said in June as the bill was going through in Parliament．
As for enforcement， it's up to individual school administrations to decide how to put through the ban． School principals can decide to store students' phones in lockers or allow them to keep them， switched off， in their backpacks． The law allows teachers to take away the phones until the end of the day in case of someone disobeying the bans．
Jacqueline Kay-Cessou， whose 14-year-old son， David， is entering eighth grade at the Camille See International School， told the reporter she was happy to hear of the ban． "It's fantastic news． It's something I've wanted for years，" Kay-Ccssou said． "I think phones are socially harmful． Kids can't think and sit still anymore and it's highly addictive．"
1. What is the new rule for ordinary French students in the new term？ ______| A．They are not allowed to use their watches． |
| B．They should follow President Macron． |
| C．They should say "Hello" to school teachers． |
| D．They can't use their cell phones at school． |
| A．Cell phones are the main reason for school violence． |
| B．The society should be strict with the school students． |
| C．New technology should be properly applied at school． |
| D．None of the young students should have mobile phones． |
| A．The school administrators． | B．The student monitors． |
| C．The students' parents． | D．The Education Minister． |
| A．To show the parental response to the ban． |
| B．To provide a conclusion for the text． |
| C．To offer an example for the new law． |
| D．To make a list of cell phone's harms． |
5 . Vegetable gardens may not be as visually pleasing as the variety of flowers, but Floridians looking to save some green by growing their own salad fixings can soon do so without fear. Gov. Ron DeSantis this week signed a law that bans local governments from carrying orders against homeowners from raising veggies in their yards.
The law, which takes effect July 1, puts an end to that particular power of towns and cities across the state to prohibit vegetable gardens for “aesthetic（审美的）purposes”.
The problem became a cause after a couple living in Miami Shores Village opposed the decision of a $ 50 a day fine for growing vegetables in their front yard, as they’d done for years.
Hermine Ricketts and her husband Tom Carroll fought City Hall in a case that wound its way up the state’s court system, with judges consistently ruling against their money-saving and health-conscious project.
After the Florida Supreme Court ruled in favor of Miami Shores’ right to control design and landscaping standards, the couple replaced their vegetables with pink flamingos（红鹤）.
Their cause was not lost, however. State lawmakers proposed and passed a law that effectively voids the court rulings, with Rob Bradley, who sponsored the bill, reportedly calling the village’s action a “vast overreach”.
The lawmaker noted the difficulty that many families experience getting fresh and affordable food, calling bans against vegetable and fruit gardens ridiculous.
About a third of all households in the U. S. grow some of their own food, according to the National Gardening Association. The group says a 600-square-foot garden that costs around $ 70 a year to keep can grow 300 pounds of fresh produce worth about $ 600 annually.
1. Why will some Floridians plant salad fixings?| A．To add to some green. | B．To make life colorful. |
| C．To build their own gardens. | D．To cut down daily expenses. |
| A．Shortage of fresh vegetables. |
| B．A case concerning a couple. |
| C．The advantages of raising vegetables. |
| D．The unjustice of judges’ conclusion. |
| A．Hides. | B．Cancels. |
| C．Prevents. | D．Values. |
| A．To show how to get these statistics. |
| B．To provide some advice for citizens. |
| C．To add some background information. |
| D．To list the benefits of growing vegetables. |
6 . People in 29 states can legally use medical marijuana（X #K）for a variety of problems, including the relief of pain, anxiety or stress. But what if they want to travel with it?
Secure airport areas beyond the Transportation Security Administration（TSA）checkpoints are under federal control, and the federal government classifies marijuana as a Schedule I（most harmful）substance, even in states where it is legal for adults to consume it.
The laws conflict, but federal lawtrumpsstate law, making it illegal to fly with marijuana in carry-on or checked luggage. It is also illegal to transport marijuana across state lines, even if both states have legalized it.
Still, some passengers, especially on domestic flights, take the risk, because searching for marijuana is the TSA’s to-do list. The agency focuses “on terrorism and security threats to the aircraft and its passengers, "a spokesman, Bruce Anderson, said. Airport screeners are looking for things that can take down an airplane, like guns or explosives, not marijuana, he said. But if screeners do notice marijuana in someone's carry-on or checked luggage, Mr. Anderson said, they will call in local airport law enforcement officials to deal with it.
Of the 54 million passengers who went through Denver Interactional Airport in 2015，the TSA stopped just 29 for possession of marijuana, an airport spokesman, Heath Montgomery, said. In those cases, as long as the amount was legal for personal possession in Colorado--one ounce of dried flower, for example-the local police simply asked the flier to dispose of it, either by throwing it in the trash or taking it home. All 29 obeyed, and no tickets were issued.
Local airport authorities handle the situation differently in different states. In Florida, where medical marijuana is legal but recreational use is not, few are stopped for possession in the airport, t they do face penalties（处罚.Eleven of the approximately 2.8 million passengers who were screened by the TSA at Jacksonville International Airport in 2016 were detained（扣押）for possession of marijuana, said Michael D. Stewart, the airport’s director of external affairs. All were arrested or given a notice to appear in court, he said.
1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "trumps" in Paragraph 3？| A．Respects | B．Beats |
| C．Explains | D．Observe |
| A．To classify marijuana | B．To legalize the transport of marijuana |
| C．To search luggage for marijuana | D．To spot items likely to blow up |
| A．29 passengers in all were detained by the TSA. |
| B．Lots of passengers with marijuana passed the checkpoints. |
| C．No passengers were punished for possession of marijuana. |
| D．It received an increasing number of security threats. |
| A．Marijuana can’t be used for entertainment |
| B．It is the same as the law in Colorado |
| C．Patients won’t be screened by the TSA |
| D．Doctors giving patients marijuana face penalties |
7 . Parents usually teach their children how to cross the street safely, by looking both ways for cars. But do they also teach them to put away their cell phones?
The city of Honolulu, Hawaii wants everyone to learn that lesson. Texting while crossing the street will soon be banned in the city. Beginning on October 24, you could be fined from $15 to $99 if you step onto a Honolulu street while looking at your phone. Honolulu is the first major U. S. city to ban what is called "distracted walking". It recently passed a law in a seven-to-two vote. The law says: "No pedestrian shall cross a street or highway while viewing a mobile electronic device(装置).” In other words, do not look at a screen when you cross the street or you could be fined.
The law's creators hope it will lower the number of people hit and killed by cars in the city. Mayor Kirk Caldwell told Reuters news agency, "We hold the unfortunate distinction of being a major city with more pedestrians being hit in crosswalks, particularly our seniors, than that of almost any other cities in the country."
The law includes all electronic devices with screens:cell phones, tablets, gaming devices, digital cameras and laptop computers. The law does permit an exception. Pedestrians may use such devices in the street to call emergency services and rescue workers, such as firefighters and police officers.
Pedestrian deaths have been increasing as the use of cell phones rises. The Governors Highway Safety Association, or GHSA, says pedestrian deaths in the United States increased by 25 percent between 2010 and 2015. That trend continued in 2016 with the number of pedestrian deaths rising to almost 6,000, 11% higher than that in 2015. Other U. S. cities may follow Honolulu. The State of Washington was the first to outlaw distracted driving back in 2007. Now, 46 other states as well as D. C, Puerto Rico, Guam and the U. S. Virgin Islands, also have laws against texting while driving.
1. What's the passage mainly about?| A．Honolulu will ban distracted walking. |
| B．Texting while walking draws public attention |
| C．More cities in the U. S. will ban texting while driving. |
| D．The number of people killed by cars in Honolulu is increasing. |
| A．Walking with police officers. |
| B．Making urgent calls. |
| C．Helping rescue workers. |
| D．Texting to consult about emergency services. |
| A．Texting while walking should be banned quickly. |
| B．Distracted walking caused a severe problem in Honolulu. |
| C．Cell phones led to more and more pedestrian deaths in the U. S. |
| D．Pedestrian deaths were caused by texting while walking. |
| A．Hawaii | B．Washington |
| C．Puerto Rico | D．Guam |
8 . With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most controversial issue across the United States today is the death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent (威慑) to murder, while others maintain there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.
The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty, basically, is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, which is the mark of a brutal society, and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.
In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary evil. Throughout recorded history there have always been those extreme individuals in every society who were capable of terribly violent crimes such as murder. But some are more extreme than others.
For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in a fit of blind rage, but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While it could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be merely separated from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.
The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to debate. But the overwhelming majority of citizens believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is strengthened by evidence which shows that the death penalty deters murder. For example, from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was consistently imposed in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100,000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been carried out only once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100,000 population. The sharp climb in the state’s murder rate, which began when executions stopped, is no coincidence. It is convincing evidence that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the bill reestablishing the death penalty is banned, innocent people will be murdered—some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is literally a life or death matter. The lives of thousands of innocent people must be protected.
1. The principal purpose of this passage is to________.| A．speak for the majority | B．initiate a ban |
| C．criticize the government | D．argue for the value of the death penalty |
| A．negative | B．friendly |
| C．supportive | D．neutral |
| A．the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States today |
| B．the ban of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importance |
| C．the second type of murderers should be sentenced to death |
| D．the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated |
| A．the effects of execution and the effects of isolation |
| B．the murder rate and the imposition of the death penalty |
| C．the importance of equal rights and that of the death penalty |
| D．executions and murders |
| A．opposing | B．supporting |
| C．neutral | D．not clear |
9 . “What kind of rubbish are you?” This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has brought about weary groans over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance（服从）and to inquire into the nature of one’s rubbish.
Violators face the prospect of fines and worse. They could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain bank loans or even buy train tickets.
Shanghai authorities are responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tons of garbage a year, more than London’s annual output and rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sift through the waste, plucking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China churns out 80 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks a year.
Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous（有害的）, the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. Most vexing（令人烦恼的）are the short windows for dumping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.
1. What’s the purpose of the first paragraph?| A．To introduce the trash-sorting regulations. |
| B．To explain the four categories of the waste. |
| C．To present residents’ complaints about trash dividing. |
| D．To show the goal of trash-sorting regulations. |
| A．People who don’t sort the waste. |
| B．People who argue with the monitors. |
| C．People who don’t throw the trash on time. |
| D．People who are against the regulations. |
| A．The massive traffic. |
| B．The increasing garbage. |
| C．Lack of a recycling system. |
| D．Lack of trash pickers. |
| A．Complex distinction among the four categories of trash. |
| B．Short scheduled time for tossing the trash. |
| C．Being observed by monitors when throwing the garbage. |
| D．Being fined when blamed due to improper behavior. |
| A．A Restart of Trash-sorting |
| B．A Great Change in Tackling Litter |
| C．A New Era of Garbage Classification |
| D．A Craze for Learning Waste Sorting |
10 . “What kind of rubbish are you?”This question might normally cause anger，but in Shanghai it bas brought about weary complaints over the past few months. On July 1st，the city introduced strict rubbish-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Citizens must divide their waste into four separate categories and put it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure that rules are obeyed and to examine the nature of one's rubbish.
Violators could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain hank loans or even buy train tickets.
Shanghai authorities are responding to obvious environmental problem. It produces 9 million tons of garbage a year. But like other cities in china, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on rubbish pickers to pick out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China produces 80 billion pairs of one-off chopsticks a year.
Many citizens appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous（有害的），the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss（投掷）it by hand, Most annoying are the short periods for throwing trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.
1. What's the purpose of Paragraph l?| A．To complain about rubbish dividing. |
| B．To explain the four categories of the waste. |
| C．To introduce the rules on waste sorting. |
| D．To show the goal of rubbish, sorting regulations. |
| A．People who don't pay for train tickets. | B．People who argue with the monitors. |
| C．People who obtain bank loans. | D．People who are against the regulations. |
| A．Complex distinction among the four categories of rubbish. |
| B．Short scheduled time for tossing rubbish. |
| C．Being observed by monitors when throwing the garbage. |
| D．Being fined when blamed due to improper behavior. |
| A．A Restart of Waste-sorting | B．A New Age of Garbage Classification |
| C．Learning to Classify Rubbish | D．Rubbish-sorting Benefits the World |
